Lab Report Info

Lab Report Procedure 6. 1: Perform Benedict’s test for reducing sugars. Introduction: Benedict’s tests allows for the detection of the presence of reducing sugars. All monosaccharides are reducing sugars since all of them have active carbonyl group. Some disaccharides that are exposed to a carbonyl group are also reducing sugars but less reactive than monosaccharides. By mixing the sugar solution with Benedict’s solution and heating them, a redox reaction will occur.The copper (II) sulphate present in Benedict’s solution reacts with electrons from aldehyde or ketose group of reducing sugars to form cuprous oxide, a red brown precipitate. Materials: The materials used in order to detect starches was: test tubes, distilled water, Benedict’s solution, starch were used. Negative Control: H20 Positive Control: Starch Obtain nine test tubes and number them 1-9 Add to each tube the materials to be tested. Add 2ml of Benedict’s solution to each tube. Place all the tubes in boiling water- bath for 3 minutes and observe color changes during this time. After 3 minutes , remove the tubes from the water- bath and give the tubes ample time to cool to room temperature. Record the color of their contents. Procedure 6. 2: Perform the iodine test for starch Tube Solution Benedict’s Color Reaction Iodine Color Reaction 1 10 drops onion juice No change Blue->Black w/white No change 2 10 drops potato juice Precipitation Yellow-> blue 3 10 drops sucrose solutionNo change No change 5 10 drops distilled water No change No change 6 10 drops reducing sugar solution Blue No change 7 10 drops starch solution No change Yellow-> Blue 8 Unknown Blue-> Red Brown 9 Unknown 2 Blue Brown 4 10 drops glucose solution Blue-> Brown No change Tube Solution Color 1 2 ml egg albumen Green/yellow 2 2 ml honey No change 3 2ml amino acid solution Purple 4 2ml distilled water No change 5 2ml protein solution Purple 6 Unknown Colorless 7 Unknown 2 Colorless

Racism in Haiti

Racism In Haiti Racism is present throughout the whole world in fact,Racism has existed throughout human history. It may be defined as the hatred of one person by another — or the belief that another person is less than human — because of skin color, language, customs, place of birth or any factor that supposedly reveals the basic nature of that person. but in Haiti and the Dominican republic it is a very different variation of the word,. n fact if racism is as the dictionary defines it then surely a new word must be invented to describe and explain the events that take place against the Haitian people,where hatred and racism are defined so intensively and so brutally that one does not believe a human being a member of one`s own gender that another human being is capable of such hatred, of such vicious behavior towards another person,.Because of extreme poverty,. nresourcefull land,,and dangerous living conditions the people of Haiti cross the border into the Dominican republic,but they are received by the intense racism of the Dominican people where their own religion wich in many cases includes Haitian people and share Haitian belief discriminate and exhibit very hateful behavior towards the simple Haitian people who flee from their own country with the innocent purpose of finding a better life for themselves but are received by the cold cruel hate of the Dominican residents.Conclusion; Throughout this whole presentation we hope you have all been made aware of the cruel treatment that Haitian people receive,At the beginning of my groups topic we honestly did not know what to expect but I never thought of such blunt scenes of what is very clearly racism and what may even be genocide,we hope that all of this will encourage you to lend a hand to a person you may know is being discriminated against because racism is everywhere,and it can affect us all in many ways.

Develop a media plan Essay

Introduction I am going to define the EYWA company media requirements. And as well as identifying target audience and consumer profile, analysis the product market factor of the EYWA Company. Analysis the creative requirements of an advertising message and identifying media merchandising requirements , confirm the media budget and legal and voluntary constraints of the company of EYWA. 2. Characteristics of the target audience from the advertising brief. Earth sprite products are 100% natural and effective reasonable and innovative. The target audience consist of woman who are beauty conscious and who are looking for natural products. They are aware of the adverse effects of chemical-based skin care products. They are looking for natural products which are good value for money and will their skin looking rediant  and help fight aging. 3. Prepare a detailed consumer profile EWYA Company Demographic information Gender – Females Age – 25-54 Marital status: half of married and half of single Level of educational attained: females professional, Wives of professional Income – approximately $150,000 Geography profile- inner city and suburban areas Psychographic information: Activity Interest Opinion Values Lifestyle 4. Analyses market factor to determine the reach and frequency required for each of the advertising media suggested in the brief. Media strategy: EWYA Company using media for advertising such as TV, radio, woman’s magazines and health magazines. EWYA Company also using some of social website for examples Face book and twitter could also highly effective. Point of sale display in a major super market or chemist chain should also be considered. Level of involvement: TV, radio, and magazines and social media are high level involvement. Point of sale display in a major super market or chemist chain comes in low level involvement. Product usage and lifecycle: product usage is high and product life cycle comes in four sections. Advertising message characteristics: it is reasonable price and 100% Australia owned. Product characteristics: The entire earth sprite product contains tamanu oil which has a unique capacity to support the formation of new tissue. Eywa is 100% Australian owned. Ewya products price are very affordable rather than the competitors’ products. Competitive situation: other similar products on the market in term of product features and pricing. Create brand awareness for the Earth sprite products and differentiate the brand from its many competitors.  Media enviourment : it is combination of electronic and hardcopy media enviourment. 5. (a) creative requirement Eywa using mainstream media. Images Action Colour Words Music and sound Colour plays important part in advertising. colour perception controlled by brain, eyes and influencing our emotions and actions and we can use many colour such as black, blue, red, white, yellow, green, pink etc. Through the action add to the creative message by demonstrating how the product can be used and features of the products. Images based on the impact you want to make on the consumer. Music and sound I the key element in advertising like using the advertising slogan as part of the sound experience for the consumer can also make a big impact through brand association. The cost of this promotion is $5 million. Advertising message and media implication: the catchy slogan â€Å"Reconnect† with nature. Eywa is 100% Australian owned.  Ewya products price are very affordable rather than the competitors’ products. 6. Outline the product or service merchandising requirements Point of sale display space in a major super market or chemist chain should also be considered. Merchandising refer to any activity that aims to sell products or service using point of sale The product or service advertising be relevant to the specific communities. The product and service have an association with a specific media vehicle. A media merchandising strategy is to adopt a brand extension strategy. 7. Identify any relevant local, national or international legislation or standard that you may need to consider.

Six Months plan for Turkish and Armenian Students Essay

Six Months plan for Turkish and Armenian Students - Essay Example The evaluation time for the steps that I will introduce to the university will be six months (Saxena, 2009). Step One: I will advise the two student organizations to concentrate on their activities and not to meddle in each othersactivity as their two different organizations representing students with different interest and coming from different background. I will ensure that the two organizations exist in cohesion and that the different speakers appointed by each organization respect the identity, religion and culture of the organizations present within the University (Lederach, 1999). Step Two: I will advise the two student organizations within the university to know their purpose within the institution and that they share a common interest which is education and not ethnicity or religion. I will make them to understand that no organization is superior to the other and that the resources available within the institution are meant for their use, therefore they should strive to avoid rivalry due to the use of resources or space within the university(Lederach, 1999). Step Three: I will advise the two student organizations to have positive thoughts about each other and ignore their religious interest since the Turks are Muslims and Armenians are Christians. They put human rights values into action and treat each other like a brother for cohesion and peace to exist within the university. ... I will recommend and interfaith dialogue to be used by the Turkish and Armenian student organization within the university. Step One: I will involve both the student organization in an interfaith dialogue to help them realize that in both religions, God is the source of peace and justice. This will bring them to an understanding that they should exercise the concept of peace as both their religion advocates for the existence of peace and they will be able to coexist peacefully with one another while conducting their different activities for the students they represent. Step Two: Interfaith dialogue will be inspiring to the students’ organizations as they will realize that their teachings and traditions are a source of inspiration to all. By communicating, they will learn that it is of great significance to work together for the purpose of peace and justice as times have changed and their living in world that upholds peace with esteem. Step Three: the interfaith will enlighten the two students’ organization to know that it is only God who forgives and both Muslims and Christians were called by God to offer forgiveness. The students’ organizations will immensely benefit by learning the importance of forgiveness as they will forgive each other for their past differences and effect justice in throughout their studies and stay within the university (Smock, 2002). Step Four: The two students’ organization will learn through interfaith dialogue that despite disagreeing on certain points in the doctrines, they should only offer their critics to one another when they feel that either of the organizations has violated the integrity of God. This will work towards helping them to respect

Marketing Communication Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing Communication Plan - Essay Example This is because IMC is an indispensable tool that will link the marketing tools of Pure-Body business venture to attain its targets and objectives. This is in recognition that IMC creates a competitive advantage in the market while receiving huge economic boost to increase profits and sales (Pelsmacker & Kitchen, 2004:113). Moreover, Integrated Market Communication makes a strong tie between business ventures and customers for long-term success of companies. Integrated Marketing Communication plan embraces for stages such as horizontal integration, internal/external integration, and financial integration. Horizontal integration is a communication that promotes co-operation with manufacturing and operational departments for the companies to fulfil its objectives (Varey, 2002:127). In this case, the management of Pure-Body business will use corporate-level to identify industries in which their company should compete in to maximise its long-term profitability. Pure-Body aims to embrace horizontal integration to consolidating the activities of the various departments for its wholesale success. Through horizontal integration, Pure- body business will reduce the cost structure, increases service differentiation, and replication of business model. In addition, it will reduce rivalry within the industry, and increases bargaining power over supplies and purchasers. Pure-Body business aspires to enjoy the benefits of horizontal integration. These include lowering a business cost structure because it increases economies of scale. The operational departments provide important business advice to the manufacturing department to reduce cost structure (Stephenson & Thurman, 2007:239). For instance, the operational departments can advise the manufacturing department to dispose a faulty machine that is inefficient. This enables the manufacturing department to acquire a new machine that is efficient. Therefore, the manufacturing department cuts down the cost of the structure. Hor izontal integration helps to reduce the duplication of resources between two companies. The manufacturing department together with other departments achieve this endeavour by eliminating the need for two separate sales forces or corporate head offices. Horizontal integration augments product differentiation, which increases profitability. This is because horizontal communication provides the manufacturing department with innovative ideas to manufacture consumer products or give essential services. Horizontal integration encourages companies to merger. This increases differentiation thereby it allowing a company to combine the products lines or services of merged companies for customer satisfaction (Smith & Taylor, 2004:12). The Integrated market communication at Pure-Body will endeavour to conduct several marketing research techniques to ascertain the level of curiosity of satisfaction and among potential customers. Pure-Body will employ online surveys, blogs, and social media such as twitter and facebook for the users to enter into discussions. The company intends to use mass media to popularise itself after it achieves financial stability. Mostly the company will concentrate on online advertising, social networks, and communication through newspapers, and surveys. Online Advertising Pure-Body business recognises the benefits of employing online advertisement to create awareness of their services. Online advertisement

Personal statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 37

Personal statement - Essay Example Also, some employers want workers who they can indoctrinate in their ways (Niles & Bowlsbey, 2013). The success of in-house training depends on employees’ self-awareness. A know-it-all attitude reveals a lack of self-awareness. Self-awareness reflects humility and character, two attributes valued by employers. I have learned my understanding of my strengths, weaknesses, core attributes, and motivation is not as deep as it should be. I need to develop a comprehensive awareness of my attributes so that I can create a sound blueprint to guide my personal and professional growth. I have also learned that I need to improve my presentation skills so that I can communicate clearly and concisely. For example, I noticed from the feedback that some of my points were not well-articulated despite covering them in detail. Some points were overemphasised, and this led to vagueness in some sections. The feedback has shown me I need to convince my audience in the shortest time possible but still maintain relevance. I could have provided better evidence by reflecting on my experiences. I could also have provided better evidence by employing the SMART (specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound) technique of communication. All examples, arguments, and supporting statements should have been constructed to relate to the wider context of my paper. The paper should have had a flow to it so that the content in the first section complement the other parts of the paper and give it a solid core that any audience can quickly identify with. Finally, I should have provided included statements and phrases that keep readers engaged as they study the paper. Firstly, I plan to interact with as many practitioners as possible so that I can build a professional network of contacts that I can refer to when looking for employment. Networking has been proven to be a highly effective method of improving employability.

Abortion from a Pro-Life Perspective Research Paper

Abortion from a Pro-Life Perspective - Research Paper Example Many women suffered from serious and, often, long term, consequences, including internal damage, permanent sterility, and infections. There are a great number of women who did not survive long after having these procedures. To prevent these kinds of unsafe procedures abortions have been made more readily available to women. Unfortunately, this only led to a greater gap between those who fought on both sides of the issue. Those who support a woman’s right to choose abortion, often called â€Å"Pro-Choice,† as an option feel that it is a woman’s right and she cannot be forced to use her body to produce a new life unless she wishes to. The â€Å"Pro-Life† representatives, those who do not support abortion of any kind, actively believe that every abortion is essentially a murder of an innocent life (Giubilini, and Minerva 1). There are, also, moderates, those who have concluded that the only way to find resolution on this heated issue is through compromise. Th ey do not believe abortions should be completely legal and available, but based on circumstance. For example, underage girls who have suffered sexual abuse or incest, a woman whose pregnancy put her health in danger and anyone whose pregnancy resulted from an act of rape. These victims should have the option. In the end, because there are so many unanswered questions and uncertainties regarding abortion it is best to err on the side of caution and make abortion procedures illegal until such knowledge is gained. There are two very strong reasons to support the â€Å"Pro-Life† perspective. The first, involves the question, â€Å"when does life begin?† At what point in the development of a fetus does it become aware and when does it qualify for the rights belonging to all individuals? Is it the moment of conception or when the brain develops? We do not know. When does it have an innate right to its life and anything interfering with that becomes an act of violence or murd er? Many religious individuals press the topic of the fetus’s â€Å"soul.† Unfortunately, neither religion nor science can answer either of these questions with an absolute certainty. So we do not know if the fetus’s aborted possessed self-awareness, ethically have a right to its life, or is its existence until birth technically not its own being. Not knowing these answers, whether you are a religious person or simply a logical one, you cannot be certain then how can anyone flippantly determine that it is nothing more than a gathering of â€Å"cellular material.† Until these answers are found abortion must remain an issue of debate and not put into practice. The second main issue that supports a â€Å"Pro-Life† perspective is the worry that having legal abortions would lead to more and more abortion procedures being performed. If may make the sexually active public less dependent on contraception to avoid unwanted pregnancy and allowing abortions t o act as their birth control. The idea being that some woman would be having multiple abortions on a regular basis. Between legalization and the unanswered questions involving the rights of fetuses it makes for an unsettling and ethically questionable future. Legalization would only increases the numbers of unwanted pregnancies not reduce them (University California Santa Barbara). Creating new life should not be perceived the same way that an infectious disease is perceived. Discovery that you are pregnant should not be sending you to the clinic to have it treated like an illness. This sets the precedent that there are degrees to the value of

The Planar Truss System Steel Truss Bridge Assignment

The Planar Truss System Steel Truss Bridge - Assignment Example In order to estimate the dead weight of the bridge truss system, the steel chamber’s weight had to be evaluated per every unit length and the entire length of the truss. Concrete and gravel make a major component of the bridge and it is mathematically critical to include their weights in the calculations. The total weight of the concrete used in the bridge was 24 Newtons per Cubic meter according to table A1, AS/NZS1170.1;2002. The steel of the bridged was assumed to be 310UB which was 453 Newtons per meter or 42.6 kilograms per meter. The following are the individual measurements obtained from the structure per every material used that included steel, concrete, and further explores the dead weight and live weight of the bridge truss system. To evaluate the total weight of the concrete used in the construction of the bridge, we had to first estimate the thickness of the bridge. In our approximation, we established that the thickness of the truss bridge system is 30 meters. This measurement was strictly taken on the concrete. Because we were covering the measurements in two dimensions, we divided the width by 2, which gave us 5. To get the dead load of the truss system, both the load of the steel and concrete had to be brought together by addition. The load of the concrete is 1764kN and that of steel is 1852.51kN. Therefore, the Dead load of the system is, In order to get the live load, both the weights of the bridge and that of the freight train had to be combined. There are two railway tracks constructed on the bridge alongside other features. The freight engines that are found in Melbourne are the NR; an abbreviation for the national Rail Class. They have an aggregate mass of about 132 tons. They also have lengths of 22meters.

Database Design Process Project (Preparation) Essay

Database Design Process Project (Preparation) - Essay Example Moreover, it offers specific built-in templates that facilitate the users to choose well suited ERD template according to the needs and requirements of the projects. Once a template has been selected by the user, the shapes (entities, relationships, category, etc.) can be drawn by just pick and drop method. The entity represents a table of a database and the relationship shape represents the relation between two tables which can be one to one, one to many, etc. After dragging an entity to the drawing board, the user can add an entity / table name, diverse columns and their names according to the requirements of the table, the data types of the created columns, selection of primary key, check / tick if a particular column must have a value and the column referred to as the foreign key (if any). In this way, the user can add several entities / tables as per the requirements of the database design under development. After adding all the entities to the drawing board, the user can add re lationships between the entities by relating the primary key with foreign key and this can be done by dragging the particular shapes. Moreover, the MS Visio provides the functionalities to add triggers, indexes and notes on entities and their relationships. When the users are done with creating the entity relationship diagram, the file can be saved in .vsd format in the hard drive of the PC / laptop; moreover, the saved file can be edited or updated when required. The MS Visio offers the functionality of viewing the complete diagram, page setup and printing the diagram (Sethi, 2006). It is required for the Riordan Manufacturing Virtual Organization to develop policies, guidelines, standards and practices to put in place for the use of the MS Visio. I would suggest the organization to use the conventional standards of ERD elements to represent an entity there should be a rectangular shape along with one row having the entity name and one rectangular shape should only represent one en tity. The primary key of the entity should be represented by a key symbol, the relationships between the entities should be represented with dotted lines and the color of the foreign key attribute should be red. Furthermore, the overall ER diagram should be easy to understand and precise to conceive by everyone, therefore, it is recommended that the users should add proper notes that would assist and aid the users to understand the diagram completely. It is pertinent to mention here that the MS Visio offers the same template to develop ER diagrams. The practices and guidelines for naming convention of the tables and attributes should be clarified to the employees and users of the MS Visio in the virtual organization. I would suggest to the management of the organization that the table / entity name should always start with ‘tbl’ characters, for example the entity name ‘tblCustomer’ i-e the entity or table having the information of the customer. The pre-char acters of the attribute name should be understandable having first character of the table name and capital characters like the attribute name ‘cFName’ can be read as the first name of the customer. The employees of the virtual organization should be given proper training on the guidelines, standards and practices for using the MS Visio to develop the ER diagrams. The employees should be guided on saving the file names and should have

Human Resources Presentation Outline Essay Example for Free

Human Resources Presentation Outline Essay Complete a slide-by-slide outline of your Human Resources Presentation using Microsoft ® PowerPoint ®. Consider the layout and the speaker’s notes for each slide in addition to the wording on the slide. Include the following in your outline: On each slide: List the main topics. List two or three subtopics. In the speaker’s note section: Describe the layout or appearance of the slide. Include a brief description of the text the speaker notes will contain. Human Resources Presentation â€Å"Team Presentation† As senior members of the human resources team, you have been asked to give a presentation on the state of the union to the board of directors. The presentation must include past, present, and future legal issues. Create a 12- to 15-slide Microsoft ® PowerPoint ® presentation with detailed speaker notes summarizing your findings to the board. Use complete sentences, with correct grammar and punctuation, to fully explain each slide as if you were giving an in-person presentation. In your presentation, include at least two main points for each of the following bullets: †¢State and federal statutory and regulatory enactments related to patients’ rights and responsibilities †¢Current principles of patient consent and the resulting implications for the health care industry †¢The current state and future trends of physicians’ rights and responsibilities in the delivery of health care †¢Current components and implications of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) (LINDA’ part) †¢Brief summary of current and future trends for statutory, regulatory, and common law requirements of confidentiality in the health care industry  (LINDA’s part) †¢Current and future legal and ethical obligations relating to the documentation, retention, storage, and use of medical records Format your presentation consistent with APA guidelines and References. Each one of us is doing a total of 4 slides 2 for each bullet, so I only need a total of 4 slides.

Sickle Cell Disease: Causes, Effects and Treatment

Sickle Cell Disease: Causes, Effects and Treatment Abstract Sickle cell disease is a genetically inherited hematological (blood) disorder that results from a mutation in the beta globin gene that is responsible for the development of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the protein that delivers oxygen to the red blood cells throughout the body. In the disease, a mutated variant of normal hemoglobin generates an abnormal structure of the cells, leading to the development of symptoms. Sickle cell anemia and beta thalassemia are two common types of sickle diseases that are discussed in this review. The symptoms, complications, and therapies are also highlighted in the context of the pathophysiology of the disease. Sickle Cell Disease: An Overview Sickle cell disease is a genetically inherited blood disorder and it is characterized by an abnormal structure or production of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen to cells throughout the body (National Institutes of Health, 2014). The disease results from a mutation in the beta globin gene causing a class of sickle diseases, such as sickle cell anemia and beta thalassemia (Thein, 2008). Together, they are often referred to as the beta hemoglobinopathies and present a range in disease severity (Thein, 2008). Beta globin is a protein that produces hemoglobin and the gene mutation in both diseases produces abnormal variants of hemoglobin in the blood. This results in either a predominance of abnormal hemoglobin molecules in red blood cells or an absence of normal hemoglobin, and thus, normal red blood cells (Edwards et al., 2005). There are a number of available therapies that manage sickle cell disease and the only curative treatment is hema topoietic cell transplantation. Pathophysiology of Sickle Cell Disease The National Institutes of Health reports that sickle cell disease is the most common inherited blood disorder in the United States and it affects 70,000 to 80,000 Americans (National Institutes of Health, 2014). It is estimated to occur in 1 in 500 African Americans and 1 in 1,000 to 1,400 Hispanic Americans (National Institutes of Health, 2014). The disease affects 30 million people worldwide and it is most common among people who have ancestors from Africa, Mediterranean countries, the Arabian Peninsula, India, parts of South America, Central America and the Caribbean (Khoury, Musallam, Mroueh, Abboud, 2011; National Institutes of Health, 2014). As it is an inherited disease, the sickle gene is presumed to have a genetic advantage in which it protects from the development of malaria infection (Stuart Nagel, 2004). There are many types of sickle diseases, such as sickle cell anemia and beta thalassemia. Sickle cell anemia is considered the most commonly occurring type of sickle c ell disease (National Institutes of Health, 2014). In sickle cell anemia, hemoglobin S replaces both beta-globin and the sixth amino acid is changed from glutamic acid to valine (National Institutes of Health, 2014; Rees Gibson, 2011). Sickle cell trait is not considered a disease and it is found in approximately 1 in 10 African Americans (Edwards et al., 2005). When both parents have the sickle cell trait, there is a one in four chance with each pregnancy that the child will have sickle cell anemia (Edwards, et al., 2005). Today, many health organizations offer newborn screenings that can determine if a child has either the disease or trait (National Institutes of Health, 2014). The development of the disease occurs due to the polymerization of deoxygenated hemoglobin S (Chirico Pialoux, 2012). The polymer formation modifies the normal red blood cell disc shape into a rigid, irregular-shaped, unstable cell and causes intravascular hemolysis, or rupture of the cells, to release hemoglobin into the plasma of the blood (Chirico Pialoux, 2012). The repeated polymerization leads to sticky blood cells (blood cell adhesion), obstruction of blood vessels (vasocclusion), and restriction of blood supply to tissues and organs in the body (ischemia) (Chirico Pialoux, 2012). Additionally, the endothelium and leukocyte, or white blood cells, are also found to play a role in disease mechanisms. Studies have found a connection between the endothelium, a thin layer of cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels, and sickled red blood cells (Stuart Nagel, 2004). The red blood cell receptors that are associated with cell adhesion are present in increased numbers on sickled immature red blood cells and mature sickle cells compared to normal red blood cells (Stuart Nagel, 2004). This finding demonstrates a structure-function abnormal activity that leads to coagulation on cell surfaces, leading to anemia (Stuart Nagel, 2004). Like cell adhesion, leukocytes have an impact in disease activity. White blood cells are found to be at an increased baseline in sickle cell disease, which serves as an independent risk factor for pulmonary and cardiac complications (Stuart Nagel, 2004). The size of the white blood cell, its rigidity, and adhesive characteristics are implicated in microvascular blood flow, vascular inflammation, and vasocclusion (Stuart Nagel, 2004). Clinical Symptoms of Sickle Cell Disease The clinical manifestation of sickle cell disease can lead to inflammatory responses and may result in acute chest syndrome, pulmonary hypertension, and stroke (Chirico Pialoux, 2012). People with sickle cell disease may also encounter several physical complications, such as delayed growth, fatigue, headaches, and cerebral vascular damage (Edwards et al., 2005). Acute chest syndrome is considered the second most common cause of hospital admissions and a leading cause of death in patients with sickle cell disease (Khoury, Musallam, Mroueh, Abboud, 2011). It involves the presence of a pulmonary infiltrate on a chest X-ray and the symptoms may include chest pain, a temperature of more than 38.5 degrees Celsius (101.3 degrees Fahrenheit), tachypnea (rapid breathing), wheezing or cough ((Khoury, Musallam, Mroueh, Abboud, 2011). The symptoms at clinical presentation vary with age as wheezing, cough, and fever are common in children 10 years or younger (Khoury, Musallam, Mroueh, Abboud, 2011). Pain in the arms and legs and shortness of breath are more commonly presented in adults with the disease (Khoury, Musallam, Mroueh, Abboud, 2011). It is believed that there are three mechanisms involved in acute lung injuries, which include infection, fat embolization (clotting) from bone marrow, and sequestration of sickled red blood cells (Khoury, Musallam, Mroueh, Abboud, 2011). People with sickle cell disease have an increased risk for developing infections, particularly pneumonia. Treatment for acute chest syndrome is primarily supportive and includes supplemental oxygen to keep the saturation above 92% (Khoury, Musallam, Mroueh, Abboud, 2011). Pain is considered the most frequent complication associated with the disease and acute chest syndrome stimulates this crisis (Edwards et al., 2005; Khoury, Musallam, Mroueh, Abboud, 2011). Repeated episodes of acute chest syndrome predispose patients to chronic pulmonary disease, such as pulmonary hypertension (Stuart Nagel , 2004). The occurrence of asthma is also associated with the increased incidence of acute chest syndrome, which is considered a comorbid condition found in people with sickle cell disease (Khoury, Musallam, Mroueh, Abboud, 2011). Beta Thalassemia Beta thalassemia is a common genetic blood disease that reduces hemoglobin production (National Institutes of Health, 2014). The hemoglobin gene mutation results in an unusually low level of beta-globin (National Institutes of Health, 2014). There are different levels of thalassemia based on the number of copies of beta thalassemia alleles or different copies of the same gene (Thein, 2008). The variety in alleles impacts the deficit in beta globin production, which, in turn, impacts disease severity (Thein, 2008). Carriers, for example, who have inherited a single copy of the beta thalassemia allele are clinically asymptomatic and may demonstrate mild anemia (Thein, 2008). Unlike a globin imbalance that is found in sickle cell anemia, variants of beta chains are broken down and result in ineffective red blood cell production in beta thalassemia (Thein, 2008). Physical complications involve cardiac and bone disease, bilirubin metabolism, and iron metabolism. Such symptoms may include jaundice and a predisposition to gallstones (Thein, 2008). Treatment for Sickle Cell Disease Several complications may emerge from sickle cell disease, whether it is in sickle cell anemia or in beta thalassemia. The purpose of therapies for sickle cell disease is to prevent and treat complications (Inati, Chabtini, Mounayar, Taher, 2009). The treatment of sickle cell disease is best achieved by decreasing the amount of hemoglobin S through the prevention of its production (Inati, Chabtini, Mounayar, Taher, 2009). People with severe sickle cell disease are treated with three validated therapies: hydroxyurea, transfusion and chelation therapy, and a hematopoietic or stem cell transplant (Inati, Chabtini, Mounayar, Taher, 2009). Hydroxyurea has been shown to be an effective form of treatment for children and adults with the disease. It has been demonstrated to reduce pain and acute chest syndromes, and it decreases the frequency of hospitalizations and the need for transfusions. This therapy has also been found to play a role in stroke prevention (Inati, Chabtini, Mounayar, Taher, 2009). At a molecular level, hydroxyurea reduces the adhesion of sickle red cells to endothelial cells. It also modulates endothelial cell activation and nitric oxide generation (Inati, Chabtini, Mounayar, Taher, 2009). Nitric oxide has been found to affect acute and chronic complications of sickle cell disease (Stuart Nagel, 2004). Nitric oxide, on a normal functioning level, induces relaxation of smooth muscle and dilation of blood vessels. In sickle cell disease, the bioavailability of nitric oxide is impaired, resulting in an imbalance between endothelial production and consumption (Stuart Nagel, 2004). The lungs are most affected by a reduction of nitric oxide and tend to constrict, which predisposes an individual to acute chest syndrome (Stuart Nagel, 2004). No adverse effects have been thus far reported on the usage of hydroxyurea and any toxicity is typically reversible (Inati, Chabtini, Mounayar, Taher, 2009). Transfusion therapy is currently considered a standard of care treatment for primary and secondary stroke prevention in children with sickle cell disease (Inati, Chabtini, Mounayar, Taher, 2009). It is used for short and long term management, preventing a first stroke in high-risk children as well as preventing against a recurrent stroke (Inati, Chabtini, Mounayar, Taher, 2009). Transfusions are also used for chronic and severe pain or in cases when patients with acute chest syndrome do not respond to hydroxyurea (Inati, Chabtini, Mounayar, Taher, 2009). Chelation therapy is used for patients who experience iron overload. Iron overload is a serious and inevitable outcome from receiving regular transfusion therapy (Inati, Chabtini, Mounayar, Taher, 2009). Unless treated, iron overload may result in severe organ damage and other life threatening complications and this treatment mediates this by removing excess metals from the body (Inati, Chabtini, Mounayar, Taher, 2009). While hydroxyurea, tranfusions, and chelation therapy aim to prevent and treat complications, they do not cure sickle cell disease (Inati, Chabtini, Mounayar, Taher, 2009). The currently available curative treatment is a stem cell transplant. A transplant is indicated in those patients who experience complications, such as recurrent severe pain, acute chest syndrome, and stroke (Inati, Chabtini, Mounayar, Taher, 2009). Only one-third of affected children meet the criteria for a stem cell transplant as it is an aggressive and serious procedure (Inati, Chabtini, Mounayar, Taher, 2009). The goal of a stem cell transplant is to replace the host’s marrow with normal cells, resulting in a new immune system (Stuart Nagel, 2004). Studies on stem cell transplant as a curative option for patients with severe sickle cell disease are demonstrating mean overall survival and event-free survival rates between 95 and 85% (Inati, Chabtini, Mounayar, Taher, 2009). Significant advancements have been made for pediatric patients who have beta thalassemia and were treated with a stem cell transplant. Over the last three decades, disease-free survival rates have exceeded 80% in patients who received transplants from biologically compatible family donors (Mehta Faulkner, 2013). Sickle cell disease is a genetically inherited blood disorder that is primarily diagnosed in people who have ancestors from Africa, Mediterranean countries, the Arabian Peninsula, India, parts of South America, Central America and the Caribbean (Khoury, Musallam, Mroueh, Abboud, 2011; National Institutes of Health, 2014). The disease results by a mutation in the gene that creates beta globin, which is the protein that is responsible for producing hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen to the body’s organs and tissues. When the mutation occurs, a hemoglobin variant is produced, resulting in a structural and functional change in the red blood cells. Several physical complications emerge in both children and adults who have the disease. These may include, but not limited to, pain, acute chest syndrome, cerebral and vascular damage (Edwards et al., 2005). There are three primary therapies for managing and/or treating the disease. These inc lude the drug, hydroxyurea, transfusion and chelation therapy, and hematopoietic cell transplantation (Inati, Chabtini, Mounayar, Taher, 2009). More research is underway in the development of additional treatment options, such as gene therapy and clinical trials are exploring this possibility. References Chirico, E. N., Pialoux, V. (2012). Role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of sickle cell disease. International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Life, 64 (1), 72-80. Edwards, C. L., Scales, M. T., Loughlin, C., Bennett, G. G., Harris-Peterson, S., De Castro, L. M., Whitworth, E., Abrams, M., Feliu, M., Johnson, S., Wood, M., Harrison, O., Killough, A. (2005). A brief review of the pathophysiology, associated pain, and psychosocial issues in sickle cell disease. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 12 (3), 171-179. Inati, A., Chabtini, L., Mounayar, M., Taher, A. (2009). Current understanding in the management of sickle cell disease. Hemoglobin, 33 (S1), S107-S115. Khoury, R. A., Musallam, K. M., Mroueh, S., Abboud, M. R. (2011). Pulmonary complications of sickle cell disease. Hemoglobin, 35 (5-6), 625-635. Mehta, P. A., Faulkner, L. B. (2013). Hematopoietic cell transplantation for thalassemia: a global perspective BMT tandem meeting 2013. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, 19, S70-S73. National Institutes of Health (2014). Genetics home reference: beta thalassemia. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Retrieved from http://www.ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/beta-thalassemia. National Institutes of Health (2014). Genetics home reference: sickle cell disease. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Retrieved from www.ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/sickle-cell-disease. Rees, D. C., Gibson, J. S. (2011). Biomarker in sickle cell disease. British Journal of Haematology, 156, 433-445. Stuart, M. J., Nagel, R. L. (2004). Sickle-cell disease. Lancet, 364, 1343-1360. Thein, S. L. (2008). Genetic modifiers of the ÃŽ ²-haemoglobinopathies. British Journal of Haematology, 141, 357-366.

designer toys :: essays research papers

There's a movement under foot. It's a blend of art and toys and it's struck a chord with toy collectors and art lovers alike. It's Urban Vinyl and this is a brief history for those who'd like to learn a little more about this art movement in the making. First, to understand Urban Vinyl, one must throw aside their conventional ideas of what makes a great toy. Sure, design of the piece plays a big part in the making of both. But the big difference is that Urban Vinyl is original from the start. This is true art, not a replication of another form. For example, more than likely, you base how much you like your Gonzo action figure on how much it looks like the actual Gonzo. In order to appreciate Urban Vinyl you enjoy it for what it is. There are no preconceived notions because what the piece is; is all it is, man. Also, things like articulation aren't as important because the Vinyl isn't always made to be played with. Yes, I know you play with your Skeletor. We all do. [Ed note: Shake it more than twice and you're playing with it.] But Urban Vinyl is created with art sensibilities in mind, so sculpt and design are the most important ingredients. Now I'm not saying that people like the Four Horsemen aren't amazing craftsmen. They are. Bu t what they are doing is giving us their take on an already designed character. This is original to a point, but Urban Vinyl is original all the way to its core. So how did the plastic move from the pegs to the pedestals? It all starts in Hong Kong with a man named Michael Lau. It was the late nineties and Lau was showing paintings in galleries and working in advertising. He was employed by a music group named Anidoze to create the cover art for an upcoming album. Instead of a 2-D design he created an original action figure and photographed it. He had been making original figures for a while for friends and family, and decided to create one for the cover, showing a broader audience his style. It received a very warm response and led to the first official Urban Vinyl line, The Gardeners. These were 12 inch vinyl figures that represented a modern positive lifestyle. No violence or drugs, but tattooed, pierced, and wearing clothes that the urbanites were wearing at the time.

George Washington :: Essays Papers

George Washington The genetic disorder I was told to research was the Sickle Cell Disease. I will explain what mutation causes this disease, the characteristics of it, and what has developed in the area of gene therapy because of it. The Sickle Cell Disease is an inherited disease. The gene for hemogoblin-S (which causes the disease) is the most common inherited blood condition in America; although most people only inherit one copy of the gene for HbS, while the other gene, hemogoblin-A, is normal, and can override HbS, blocking the disease. These people have the HbS trait, but not the disease, therefore leading a normal life. For an offspring to acquire the disease, both parents must have the HbS gene, yet the child only has a 25% chance of having Sickle Cells. You cannot catch the disease, you are born with it and it is present for life. There are many complications and harmful effects as the result of the Sickle Cell Disease. The disease causes hemoglobin in the red blood cells, when it does not receive sufficient oxygen, to form into long, sickle shapes with a sticky, chemical surface. When blood cells are this form, they cannot go through the capillaries, blocking off both blood and oxygen. Fortunately only 20% of all red blood cells become Sickle Cells; t he sickle cells have a shorter life span; and most blood cells go through the capillaries before becoming sickle-shaped. The most painful effect known from Sickle Cell Disease are episodes of pain called Sickle Cell Crisis, where the body is in need of oxygen, either from physical activities or a sickle blood cell blocking blood passages that lead to organs. The first day is the worst, where devastating pain goes to the arm, leg, and back, along with the shortness of breath. The other symptoms of Sickle Cells include: strokes, increased infections, early gallstones, yellow discoloring of eyes and skin, low blood cell counts (anemia), and delayed growth. For the cause of the Sickle Cell Disease, there has been many research going on in the area of gene therapy. Labs around the world are trying to fix the basic genetic defect, by placing the correct amino acid in the hemogoblin before or shortly after birth. This method would result in the cure of the root of the problem. Currently researchers are finding a safe way to perform this method. To try

Bearing Arms at Nineteen Years Old Essay -- argumentative, persuasive,

The right to bear arms is embedded in our Nation’s constitution as the second amendment of the Bill of Rights. The amendment states, â€Å"A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed (Bill of Rights).† Currently these laws should be extended to nineteen year olds because they are considered legal adults and citizens. Although the United States no longer has local militias, the idea of keeping a secure state still stands today. Since 1960, the general trend for crime in the United States is at a gradual increase (Uniform Crime Reports). With the growing concern for the safety of the community, young adults at the age of nineteen should be able to conceal and use a handgun. This idea of concealing a handgun has been present in state laws for a long time. In Alabama, the law of 1819 states, â€Å"every citizen has a right to bear arms in defense of him (or her) self and the st ate (Volokh 191-217/ 27).† These rights however, should come with some qualifications in order to regulate gun control. Having organization would prevent chaos and irresponsibility. Lastly, there are many safe recreational uses for handguns such as formal competitions or usage at approved firing ranges. Nineteen year olds should be allowed to participate in these activities. Overall, the right for nineteen year olds to conceal a handgun is justifiable; however, this right should be regulated with the main purpose of safety. The idea that nineteen year olds being allowed to conceal handguns is clearly justifiable. First, nineteen year olds should be allowed to bear arms because of their constitutional right and legal status. Secondly, nineteen year olds are more immersed in a... ...ustice, . "Violent Crime." FBI. Uniform Crime Reports, 2010. Web. 1 Apr 2012. . Uniform Crime Reports. "United States Crime Rates 1960 - 2010." The disaster center. The Disaster Center, 2011. Web. 31 Mar 2012. . United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs., . Washington : U.S. G.P.O., 2009. 0. . Volokh, Eugene. "State Constitutional Rights To Keep And Bear Arms." Texas Review of Law & Politics. 11.1 (2006): 191-217/ 27. Web. 31 Mar. 2012. .

1994 Rwandan Genocide Essay

The 1994 Rwandan Genocide impacted on a lot of people in a lot of different ways. In this essay the causes I will be covering are ethnic tension as a result of Belgium Colonisation, Propaganda and hate rhetoric, the role of the international community, and political problems. The consequences I will be covering are causalities, the economic effects, remembrance and education, and population displacement. In this small country in Africa called Rwanda this terrible killing took place. The Rwandan Genocide began on April 6th 1994 when the president was assassinated, followed by the prime minster the next day. It lasted 100 days, â€Å"100 days of slaughter† ending on the 18th of July 1994. The genocide included many groups. The perpetrators were – Hutu civilians, Hutu army, Interhamwe-the youth of Hutu organised into an extremist militia, and radio RTLM-a radio station announcing to kill all Tutsis. Victims included – Tutsi, Hutu political moderates for example prime minster AgatheUwilingiyimana. Other groups include – RPF (Rwandan Patriotic Front). President Juvenal Habyarimana who was in charge if the Hutu government, and the international community for example the UN (United Nations) Peacekeepers. During these 100 days of slaughter hundreds of thousands of Tutsi we killed. Women and girls we raped, and many tortured by having their breast chopped off and sharp objects inserted into their vaginas. Many people tried to hind in schools and churches but were found and executed. I have just written about the context and the course of the 1994 Rwandan Genocide. I am now going to write the causes of this horrific event starting with ethnic tension as a result of Belgium Colonisation. Ethnic tension as a result of Belgium Colonisation is arguably the biggest cause in the 1994 Rwandan Genocide. It is a political and social cause that happened over a long period of time. Starting in 1860 and coming right down to 1926. In 1860 the first Tutsi king was appointed. In 1884 German explorer Carl Peters enters the Rwandan kingdom and obtains treaty rights. In 1885 Germany declares a protectorate over present-day Rwanda. In 1890 Rwanda accepts German colonial rule with resistance. A German territorial administrator is not appointed until 1907. In 1916 WW1 Belgium Allied Forces capture German East Africa. In 1924 Great Britten assumes control over Tanzania, while Belgium is granted trusteeship over Rwanda and Burundi. Belgium Colonisation begins. In 1926 Rwandans were given an identity card showing if a person was Hutu, Tutsi or Twa. Prior to colonisation people could ‘jump’ races e. g. Hutu’s could become Tutsi’s. Callipers were the tools of colonisation. The size of the cranium and nose and the colour of the eyes were the factors that determined whether a person was a Hutu, Tutsi or Twa. The result of the unfair system was – Tutsi could have government positions, be landlords, be supervisors of Hutu, collect taxes, get an education (only Tutsi could go to school after the colonisation), be an administrator for the justice system. Hutu were denied higher education, land ownership and positions in government. The identity cards that everyone was given were very clear they had what ethnic group they were from, their place of birth, their date of birth, their profession, their place of residence, the name of their spouse, their C. I number, and their signature. A quote form chief prosecutor of the international Rwandan court sums up this cause well â€Å"European colonial history was a major contributor to what eventually became the genocide in Rwanda†. The second cause I am going to discuss is Propaganda and hate rhetoric. This is a social Cause; it is short term because it happened quite fast after the death of the president and prime minster. Kangura Newspaper was a newspaper about how discussing the Tutsis were, this was launched by first lady AgatheHabyarimana in 1990. Kangura means wake them up in English. In the newspaper they had racist comments such as â€Å"They look like animals, actually they are animals†, â€Å"If you allow snakes to live amongst you, you will be exterminated†, â€Å"They look hideous with their bushy hair and beards that are full of fleas†. RTLM (Radio Television des Milles Collines) or commonly known as â€Å"Hate Radio†, used good rock music to get people to listen to it then they used in to convey hateful messages such as â€Å"cut down the tall trees† this meant for all Hutu extremists to wipe out the Tutsis. RTLM often referred to Tutsi as cockroaches. In 1990 Kangura newspaper published the 10 commandments for the Hutus they were an extended version of 1, Every Hutu must know that the Tutsi woman is working for the Tutsi ethnic cause Hutu is a traitor who a) Acquires a Tutsi wife, b)Acquires a Tutsi concubine, c) Acquires a Tutsi sectary or protegee. 2, Every Hutu must know that our Hutu daughters are more worthy and more conscientious as a woman, as wives and as mothers. 3, Hutu women, be vigilant and make sure that your husbands, brothers and sons see reason. , All Hutus must know that all Tutsis are dishonest in business. We have learned this from experience from experience. Hutu is a traitor who a) forms a business alliance with a Tutsi, b) invests in own funds/public funds in a Tutsi enterprise, c) Borrows money from/loans money to a Tutsi, d) Grants favours to Tutsis. 5, Strategic positions such as politics, administration, economics the military and security must be restricted to Hutu. 6, A Hutu majority must prevail throughout the education system. 7. The Rwandan Army must be exclusively Hutu. No Solider may marry Tutsi women. 8, Hutu must stop taking pity on the Tutsi. 9, Hutu wherever they are must stand united, in solidarity, and concerned with the fate of their Hutu brothers. Hutu must constantly counter Tutsi propaganda. Hutu must stand firm and vigilant against their common enemy. The Tutsi. 10, The social Revolution of 1959, the Referendum of 1961 and the Hutu Ideology must be taught to Hutu of every age. Hutu must spread the word. Any Hutu who persecutes his brother Hutu for spreading the word and teaching this ideology is a traitor. A quote from Leon Mugesera sums up this cause â€Å"The fatal mistake we made in 1959 was to let them escape †¦ they are foreigners from Ethiopia so we will send them by the shortest route throwing them into the Nagbarongo river. We must act. Wipe them all out†. The third cause I am going to discuss is the role of the international community; it is a political cause that is a short term because it became an issue soon after the colonisation. During this cause the world just stood by and watched. Following WW11 and the Holocaust, The United Nations adopted a resolution on December 9, 1948, which stated â€Å"genocide, whether committed in time of peace or time of war, is a crime under international law which they undertake to prevent and to punish†. There were two opportunities to intervene that were missed. In October 1993 The United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda began with the deployment of 21 troops under the command of Brigadier – General Romeo Allaire of Canada. Additional troops continued o arrive until February 1994, when the mission was fully staffed with 25,000 personnel. Many soldiers arrived without weapons, food or water; vehicles and radios were sent out second hand from other missions and rarely in working condition. On 11th January 1994 Officers were stockpiling weapons and training civilian militias; the level of preparedness would enable the murder of 1000 Tutsis every 20 minutes. This saying will finish off this cause nicely, â€Å"clearly, the massacres in Rwanda constituted genocide, so why didn’t the world steep into stop it? In my fourth and final cause I’m going to discuss political problems (the role of the Hutu extremists in the Habyarimana government and the catalyst). This is a political cause which was short term. President Juvenal Habyarimana came to power through a military coup in 1973. He promised national unity. By 1994 many Rwandans were calling for democratic government. In January 1994 in spite of increased state oppression and the French-supported up-build of armed forces, 50,000 Rwandans marched in a pro-democracy demonstration in Kigali. The build-up to the Hutu’s wanting power is over quite a short period of time†¦ only 3 years! In October 1990 civil war started when the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), a militia of Rwandan Tutsi excels and Hutu dissidents based in Uganda, invaded Rwanda. Thousands of Tutsis were arrested. In 1991 RPF military victories pressured President Habyarimana into drafting a new multi-party constitution. In 1992 UN led peace talks led between the RPF, The Rwanda government and 12 opposition parties to try and achieve a power-sharing agreement. In August 1993 Arusha Peace Accords were signed to neutral Tanzania. Hutu Power’ started broadcasting Tutsi hate messages in the media. In 1993 A Hutu Power Party no participating in the government established Radio/TV Libre de Millie Collines (RTLM) to get round the Arusha agreements explicit prohibition on government sponsored hate speech. I has been believed that the ‘final nail in coffin’ was the assignation of P resi dent Habyarimana. At 8. 30p. m on April 6, 1994, President Juvenal Habyarimana of Rwanda was returning from a summit in Tanzania where, under international pressure, he was negotiating with the opposition to reach a settlement. A surface-to-air missile shot the plane out of the sky. All on board were killed. I have just written about the causes of the 1994 Rwandan Genocide, I am now going to write about the consequences of the ‘100 days of slaughter’. Starting with causalities. The 1994 Rwandan Genocide left behind some major consequences but beyond all others the biggest is the casualties. This is a political, social and ideological cause and is most defiantly immediate timing because it happened during genocide obviously; so many people were left both physically and mentally scared. Over the course of 100 days from April 6 – July 16 1994 it is estimated 800,000 – 1 million Tutsi and some moderate Hutu were slaughtered. The UN estimated 800,000 but the Rwandan government has estimated 1,071,000. It’s very difficult to get exact numbers because these numbers do not include people who were thrown into river/lakes and those who were burnt. Mass graves held up to 50,000 making it even harder to count exact numbers. If the numbers of Tutsis living in Rwanda before and after the genocide are correct then 77% of the Tutsi population was wiped out. 8,640 per day; 360 per hour, 6 per minute. If this is correct this is the equation 6 people x 60 minutes x 24 hours x 100 days = 864,000 people! There is between 300,000 to 400,000 survivors. Almost 50,000 women were left without husbands. Almost 100,000 of the survivors were aged between 14 and 21. 75,000 of the survivors were orphaned. A 1999 study showed 80% of women surveyed showed signs of trauma. Many face health problems such as HIV/AIDS as a direct act of violence during the genocide. Some of the survivors are still threatened with violence, attacked or killed by former perpetrators. Almost all women and girls that survived were raped, many also tortured and mutilated by having their breasts cut off and sharp objects being inserted into their vaginas. Numbers of women and girls raped are somewhere between 250,000 and 500,000 exact numbers are not known. Children of rape during the genocide numbers are 2,000 to 5,000 children. Most children show trauma and signs of neglect. More than 67% of women raped were infected with HIV/AIDS. Men with HIV/AIDS used it as a weapon to leave their mark on Tutsi women and their families. To sum up the consequence what the presiding judge said after the verdict â€Å"From time immemorial, rape has been regarded as spoils of war. Now it will be considered a war crime. We want to send out a strong message that rape is no longer a trophy of war†. In the second consequence, I am going to discuss the economic effects. This is an economic consequence and it is immediate because the things that happened during left people with big struggles. The Rwandan government has struggled to rebuild the economy. In the year of the genocide, growth slumped by 50% and inflation reached 64%. Almost two thirds of the 8. million population live below the poverty line. Coffee is Rwandans major export. Rwanda exported 14,000 tonnes in 1986. The positives of the economic problems were the exiled business leaders returning home, since the genocide in 1994 business leaders have been returning home from Burundi, Congo, Uganda and Tanzania. Desire Kamanzi’s father sold his three houses in Burundi to return to Rwanda. This was no unusual. To sum up this consequence a quote from Leon Haguma, acting director of coffee marketing â€Å"All was abandoned, they were dead or had fled the country, there was nobody to work the plantations†. In the third consequence, I am going to discuss remembrance and education. This is a social consequence because most of Rwanda have contributed in some way. It is a long term consequence because it still goes on today and the world can’t see it stopping anytime soon. The focus of remembrance is to teach the history of the 1994 Rwandan Genocide and emphasise moral values. There are many memorial sites in Rwanda, which pays tribute to the hundreds of thousands killed. Marimba Technical School, where many victims were killed and still remain as a museum. Other ways of remembrance is art and photos taken in tribute such as people standing in a line with other people laying in front making human words saying END GENOCIDE NOW! There is also a national day of reflection in Rwanda on April 7th. To sum up this consequence a quote from Kofi Annan general of the UN in 1994, â€Å"If the pictures of tens of thousands of human bodies being gnawed on by dogs do not wake us out of our apathy, I do not know what will†. The fourth and final consequence I am going to write about population displacement. This is a political and social consequence because the government feel through and society took over. This is a short term consequence because lots of people started to come back into Rwanda once the genocide was over. The 1994 Rwandan Genocide resulted in massive exodus of refugees to bordering countries. Another one million people remained internally displaced in Rwanda itself. Millions of Hutu and displaced Tutsi had crowded refugee camps beyond the Rwandan boarders. International relief efforts were mobilised to care for refugees, but available supplies were inadequate and outbreaks of disease were widespread. More than 20,000 refugees died in cholera epidemic. During the genocide Tutsi and Hutu moderates fled. From April 1994 Tutsi and Hutu moderate refugees poured out of Rwanda and into neighbouring countries. After the genocide Tutsi refugees returned. In July 1994 when the seize fire was called Tutsis began to return to Rwanda, including refugees who had fled in the 1960’s. Hutu perpetrators fled the country. Genocide only ended when the RPF eventually defeated the Rwandan government’s armies and took control of the country. Retaliatory violence by Tutsis caused thousands of lives. By mid July, and estimated 2 million Hutu perpetrators and bystanders had fled. 850,000 refugees entered the area in just 4 days. During the influx, 15,000 refugees an hour crossed the Rwanda-Zaire boarder. The camps became like countries in exile for the Hutu extremists who used members of the Hutu army to maintain control of the refugee camps. Between July and November 1996 the refugee camps were shut down. One million exiles returned to Rwanda including tens of thousands of perpetrators who had been living side by side with Tutsi in the refugee camps. In November 1996 more than 600,000 Hutu refugees returned to Rwanda from Zaire. In December 500,000 returned from Tanzania. In summery†¦ Ironically, both Hutu perpetrators and Tutsi and Hutu moderate victims ended up in the same camps. In conclusion the causes I have just written about were the ethnic tension as a result of Belgium Colonisation, Propaganda and hate rhetoric, the role of the international community, political problems. The consequences I have just written about were the casualties, the economic effects, remembrance and education, and population displacement. All of these were major events that happened before, during and after the 1994 Rwanda Genocide there were also a number of other causes and consequences, causes are economic problems, and independence problems. The consequences were political effects, apologies from the international community, and justice, responsibility & reconciliation. A quote to sum up the 1994 Rwandan Genocide is, â€Å"The Rwandan Genocide is perhaps the most horrible and systematic human massacre we have had to witness since the extermination of the Jews by the Nazis†.

Examine the Key Ideas of Situation Ethics

Examine the Key Ideas of Situation Ethics (21 Marks) In this essay, I am going to examine the key features of Situation Ethics. Situation Ethics is a teleological theory that resolves ethical and moral issues relative to the situation and was developed at a time when society and the church were facing drastic and permanent change. It is most commonly associated with Joseph Fletcher and J. A. T Robinson and also William Barclay.Situation Ethics is also considered to be the method of ethical decision making that states that you must consider â€Å"noble love† (agape) in decision making and that a moral decision is correct if it is the most loving thing to do. The theory is based upon this idea of agape love which is defined by William Barclay as â€Å"unconquerable good will†. Situation Ethics developed during the 1960s and the post war generation was a great influence on this. Between the end of the Second World War and the end of the 1960s, Western Europe and North Amer ica were socially, culturally and morally transformed.Up until the 1960s, many people still followed the â€Å"old fashioned† approach of Divine Command Ethics where by people obeyed the Bible and the teachings presented in them. People believed that by following the teachings of God as directly revealed by Him through scripture and the Church, they were doing good. However, by the 1960s all this changed. This quote was produced in 1966: â€Å"Greater independence; more money†¦the weakening of family bonds and religious influences; the development of earlier maturity, physically, emotionally and mentally; the impact of modern books, television and periodicals†. Sex and Morality, SCM,). This study blamed many things on the fact that many people were turning away from the Church’s rules during the 1960s and more towards abandoning rules. The world was becoming more secular and people had stopped listening to the Church and their teachings on what was ethicall y right. During the 1960s, society and the Church were facing drastic and permanent change. By 1966, women occupied an increasingly prominent place in the work force and there was a universal shock of the foundation of the contraceptive pill. This allowed young women to have sex whenever and with whoever they pleased.The sacred bonds of marriage started to break as more people saw this as a chance to have sex without having to be in a secure marriage or even a relationship. This sexual revolution of non-marital sex caused the levels of promiscuity to rise drastically as paternalism, authority, law and government were ditched. Other moral perspectives that changed the latter half of the 20th Century included fashion, music, politics and the view of religion. The drastic cultural and social changes during the 1960s caused a conflicting reaction by the Church.The British Council of Churches ordered a Working Party on Sex, Marriage and the Family to suggest how a Christian position on s ex and marriage can be communicated to the community. As a result, in 1964, the British Council of Churches, on the advice of its advisory group on Sex, Marriage and the Family, appointed a Working Party that set out to â€Å"Prepare a Statement of the Christian case for abstinence from sexual intercourse before marriage and faithfulness within marriage†¦and to suggest means whereby the Christian position may be effectively presented to the various sections of the Community† (Sex and Morality, SCM, 1966).J. A. T Robinson was a New Testament scholar, author and former Anglican Bishop of Woolwich, England. In 1963, he published his highly controversial book â€Å"Honest to God† which changed people’s perspective of God. As a result of this publication, it caused the Church to be thrown into disagreement. This in turn caused the traditional church to be shaken at its very roots. Robinson challenged the idea of the traditional and conservative view of God. He s aid that Situation Ethics was for â€Å"Man come of age†. In other words, it was for people who were moving away from having to be told what to do by God.As a result, it was right in the middle of Antinomianism and Legalism (which I will discuss later). Robinson and Paul Tillich suggested that God could be understood as ‘the ground of our being’, of ultimate significance, but not a â€Å"dues ex machine†, a supernatural being who intervenes in the world from outside it. In other words God is part of people not this almighty being who gives instructions for us to follow. Fletcher (who I will discuss later) used examples from the Bible to show that a strict application of rules was no longer needed and was in line with whatJesus thought too. Fletcher used quotes from the Bible as an illustration of old versus new morality. He used the example of the adulterous woman when Jesus saved her from being stoned to death even though the law permitted it. This situat ion is a clear example of Personalism which Fletcher used to illustrate his theory. Another example that Fletcher identified from the Bible was when Jesus confronted the Pharisees over what the Sabbath Day was intended for. In order to follow strict Jewish law absolutely nothing could be done on this day, often to the detriment of people.Jesus wanted people to follow the spirit in which God had given the law rather than following it and acting immorally in some cases. Whilst Fletcher described agape love as the only intrinsically good thing, William Barclay defined agape love as â€Å"unconquerable good will; it is the determination to seek the other man’s highest good, no matter what he does to you†¦nothing but good will. It has been defined as purpose, not passion. It is an attitude to the other person. † This kind of love is highly demanding or as Barclay suggested, â€Å"a highly intelligent thing. Situation Ethics can be applied more to the issue of divorce than the application of oral judgement that divorce is â€Å"always wrong†. Robinson questioned the conservative view of marriage that it is a supernatural unbreakable bond. This idea of marriage for Robinson was too out dated. He believed that it was time for humans to enter into their maturity and seek liberty from such supranaturalist thinking and while allowing the past experience to guide them, be ready to leave behind the restrictions of the old moral law if love was best served by doing so.Joseph Fletcher was an American professor who founded the theory of Situation Ethics in the 1960s. He stated that â€Å"we need to educate people to the idea that the quality of life is more important than the length of life. † Fletcher’s Situation Ethics was based on the New Testament teaching of agape. His work reflected the social change of the 1960’s and centred around the principle of â€Å"Love your neighbour as yourself† (Matthew 22:37). Fletcher ma intained that there were three different ways of making moral decisions. These three approaches to morality were Legalism, Antinomianism and Situationism.He stated that Legalism was a conservative, rule-based morality focused on unalterable laws. Antinomianism was defined as the polar opposite to Legalism – the lawless or unprincipled approach. He also stated that Situationism was a midway between the two other positions and that the Situationalist is prepared to set aside rules if love seems better served by doing so. According to Fletcher, â€Å"The situationist follows a moral law or violates it according to the need†. Fletcher also rejects Legalism because it cannot accommodate ‘exceptions’ to the rule.In addition to this, he also rejects Antinomianism for the reason that it provides no foundation with which to evaluate one’s morality and offers no justification as to why people should live in any other way than they want to. Fletcher proposed a key principle with which to guide moral decision-making rather than rules. This primary principle is that of acting in the most loving way. A fitting quote that is included in the Bible is that â€Å"Christ Jesus†¦abolished the law with its commandments and legal claims† (Ephesians 2:13-15). Fletcher proposed that we should follow the way Jesus taught us to, with unselfish love or agape.Jesus declared that we should â€Å"†¦love the Lord God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your strength and with all your mind; and your neighbour as yourself† (Luke 10:27). Fletcher also proposed four presuppositions of Situation Ethics which are the criteria by which this theory is determined and acted upon. They are Pragmatism, Relativism, Positivism and Personalism. The first presupposition is Pragmatism which demands that a proposed course of action should work and that its success or failure should be judged according to the principle.This is pra ctical and works because Legalism and Antinomianism do not. The second presupposition is Relativism which rejects such absolutes such as â€Å"never†, â€Å"always†, â€Å"perfect† and â€Å"complete†. The principle of love is applied relative to each situation so that an appropriate response is made. Situationism is not the same as Antinomianism because the ultimate criterion is â€Å"agapeic love†. Love is the constant in all situations, unlike laws which work for some things but not others. The third presupposition is Positivism which recognises that love is the most important criterion of all.Situation Ethics recognises that love is the most important thing when making a moral choice and echoes the sentiments of the Bible. Therefore, the decision to act in a loving way is a choice we make beforehand based on the notion that other ways do not work, not because we have proved Situationism â€Å"works† prior to the event. The fourth presupp osition is Personalism which demands that people should be put first. Fletcher emphasised the fact that ethics deals with human relations and should therefore put people at the centre.Fletcher also believed that Legalism fails to appreciate that people exist in a social context and that any decision must be beneficial to the wider community rather than just the individual. Where Legalism fails to recognise the complexity of ethical decision-making, Antinomianism fails to recognise the responsibility ethical decision-making has to the wider community. In addition to the four presuppositions, Fletcher also detailed in explaining how agape should be understood and how it applied to the theory of Situation Ethics by using the six working principles.The first working principle is the idea that love is always good. This states that there is no action or moral rule that is good in itself. An action is good only in so far as it brings about agape. Love is intrinsically valuable, it has inhe rent worth. Nothing else has intrinsic value. The second working principle is that love is the only norm or rule and therefore, love replaces the law. The law should only be obeyed in the interests of love and not for the law’s sake. Fletcher rejected Natural Law. He said â€Å"there are no [natural] universal laws held by all men everywhere at all times†.Jesus summarised the entire Jewish law by saying â€Å"love God† and â€Å"love your neighbour†. In the third working principle, Fletcher stated how love and justice are the same. This idea was unique to Fletcher, who claimed that justice is the giving to every person what is their due, and that as the one thing due to everyone is love, then love and justice are the same. Therefore, there can be no love without justice and as a result cannot be parted. For the fourth working principle, Fletcher outlined the idea that love is not liking and that love is discerning and critical, not sentimental.As agape wa s not an emotion, it did not need to include liking. The fifth working principle includes the statement that love justifies the means. Situation Ethics is a teleological theory that identifies the end outcome of an action as the means of assessing its moral worth. Therefore, as a result, it implies that anything might be done if it brings about the most loving action. Lastly, the sixth working principle of, love decides there and then describes how there are no rules about what should or shouldn’t be done, in each situation; you decide there and then what the most loving thing to do is.Fletcher developed his theory by drawing on a wide range of cases that could not be resolved by applying fixed rules and principles. He used examples including the burning house and time to only save one person, your father or a doctor with the formulae for a cure for a killer disease in his head alone. Fletcher also drew on situations that he had experienced firsthand, but most of all he would act situationally to help people.

Success Of National Skin Centre Health And Social Care Essay

This study provides an overview of the ways a third health care establishment works towards success to go the top tegument Centre in this part. National Skin Centre is the mark establishment. I will analyse and portion in inside informations on the ways NSC work towards success and be a prima tegument Centre in this part. This includes the assorted new and improved services and comfortss NSC had introduced over the old ages, and the different medical instructions NSC promotes to farther heighten its prima border. Besides, SWOT analysis will be included to analyse how successful NSC is, with recommendations on what NSC can better on. The information gathered and included in this study are collected from NSC web site, NSC recent corporate reappraisals and other utile web sites. Introduction 1.10 About the study 1.11 Objective The aim of this study is to supply an overview of the ways National Skin Centre win in developing itself into the top tegument Centre in this part, and how NSC maintains its fight. 1.20 About National Skin Centre 1.11 Background NSC is a authorities reorganized establishment and a subordinate of National Healthcare Group ( NHG ) . NSC was established on 1 November 1988 after taking over the intervention of tegument diseases from Middle Road Hospital and is presently located in Mandalay Road. Before the edifice of NSC, the intervention of tegument diseases was a chief undertaking of Middle Road Hospital for several decennaries. Over the old ages, it had observed increasing patient burden which caused significant emphasis on the bing infirmary installations. Therefore, in order to function the patients better, the authorities decided to halt runing the infirmary for good and switch its activities and resources devoted to dermatology to a new Centre which is the current NSC. NSC operates as an outpatient specializer dermatological Centre with a squad of advisers who are experienced in handling complex tegument conditions in their clinics. As a third health care establishment, NSC non merely provides specialised dermatological services, it is besides responsible in developing medical undergraduates and graduate students and undertakes dermatological research. General clinics in NSC are divided into private and subsidised clinics, with both of them supplying same professional services. However, the differences between both of them are that, in private clinics, patients are greeted with better atmospheres and are given the luxury of personalising their interventions. Patients in the subsidised clinics, without the privileges stated above, pay lower cost due to the interventions they receive being partly funded by authorities through one-year grants. In entire, NSC handles about 1000 patients day-to-day. Besides dermatology, NSC has an external clinic, Department of STI Control ( DSC ) which concentrates in dermato-venerology due to increasing STI incidence. The lone public specializer STI clinic in Singapore is DSC which offers assorted services at subsidised charges. DSC besides offers medical preparation to undergraduates and postgraduates physicians. 1.12 Mission and Vision Their mission is to be the national and regional Centre of excellence for the diagnosing and intervention of tegument diseases. They are committed to supply cost-efficient and specialised attention of medical tegument conditions in a scene of clinically relevant research, quality instruction and patient safety. Their vision is ‘Adding old ages of healthy life to the people of Singapore ‘ . 1.13 Goals National Skin Centre aims to concentrate people who are specialized and interested in the field of dermatology into one establishment, supplying sub-specialization and be the taking Centre for research, interventions and geting accomplishments on different facets of tegument diseases. NSC besides aims to win in supplying good services for both their patients and staffs. For their patients, NSC will make its best to react and run into the lifting outlooks and demands of persons by supplying the highest quality of medical intervention in a cheaper manner. For their staffs, NSC will make its best to let them to work in a more hearty environment with assurance and dignity, and travel on to better themselves depending on their capableness. Body 2.10 Services and Comfortss Although NSC has established itself as the top tegument Centre in this part, it invariably introduces new and improved services and comfortss to heighten its quality services in a positive manner. One of the major factors that marked the success of NSC is that it is the first health care establishment in Singapore to travel paperless in 2004, by implementing the Electronic Medical Records ( EMR ) system. This system allows patient minutess to be done electronically, get downing with on-line patient assignment, self-registration booths, electronic medical recordings, physician order entries for interventions, research lab trials and prescriptions, charge and pharmaceutics operations. Due to the increasing patient burden in recent old ages, NSC faced jobs impacting the overall service degrees. So as a consequence, NSC hopes to better the service criterions to their patients and with EMR, and therefore, jobs were minimized. Besides being environmental friendly, it ensures decrease in waiting clip, information fluxing seamlessly across the full Centre, and decrease of medicine mistakes due to intelligent cheques for prescriptions. Overall, this shows NSC attempts in minimising job s faced and increasing overall service degree. In 2006, NSC brought in a few new services and introduced a new clinic. One of the services introduced was Fractional Photothermolysis, a optical maser service that helps better certain skin conditions while another service was the Photodynamic Therapy which is an alternate intervention for patients who are non suited to travel for surgery that involves the application of a photosensitiser and an energizing visible radiation for handling certain tegument diseases. NSC was the first in the part to present the Total Body Photography service, an advanced engineering designed for observing early phases of tegument malignant neoplastic diseases. NSC besides introduced extensions of clinical and intervention Sessionss such as Saturday forenoon clinics for non-subsidized patients every two months, and Tuesday and Thursday eventide for intervention Sessionss, due to increasing petitions from working patients and NSC ‘s attempts to cut down waiting clip. There is another successful serv ice provided by NSC, which is the joint telemedicine undertaking with IMH. This undertaking works by holding unrecorded audio-visual connexion which allows physicians to follow-up with IMH patients, therefore cutting down costs and clip while retaining high clinical criterions. In add-on, a new agreeableness, Mandalay Clinic Laser Suites which is the largest aesthetic dermatology clinic in the part, was opened to supply wide-range of dermatological attention for patients with the latest and widest scope of dermatology optical masers and other equipments. In the undermentioned twelvemonth, a figure of new services were added and upgrading of a clinic was done. The waiting country of Clinic B was upgraded to better work flow, comfort and privateness for patients, with an excess audience room to get by with the increasing patient figure. Besides betterment work, Mandalay Clinic brought in a new service called MiXto SX Fractional CO2 Laser which is the latest attack to laser skin resurfacing. This new optical maser allows faster mending procedure and enables patients to recover normal activities sooner. Besides, NSC is the first in South East Asia to present Non-cultured Cellular Grafting, a transplant process for vitiligo patients and is an advantage for those who failed other interventions, and is much safer, cheaper and lesser labours as compared to other organ transplant methods. Subsequently in the twelvemonth, NSC started a Thursday Skin Cancer Clinic to concentrate, early diagnose and dainty patients with skin malignant neoplastic diseases. The attention for skin malignant neoplastic disease patients was further enhanced by presenting Mohs Micrographic Surgery which is another service that NSC came in first to supply for patients in Singapore. This surgical service ensures best remedy rates and lowest opportunity of reoccurrence. NSC strives to supply better services and concentrate on their patients ‘ safety. As in mid 2008, clinic A had redevelopments to minimise falling hazard with non-slip floor coating, acquiring rid of sharps hurt with libertine and drum sander fixtures, and bettering exigency response system in the process and intervention suites. Due to an spread outing patient figure, there were an increased in figure of installations in clinic Angstrom to let better work flow and comfort. A new Cutera Xeo Platform Laser brought in by Mandalay Clinic, is an improved version of the old CoolGlide Laser and it has more than one uses for intervention of certain tegument diseases. Besides, to supply convenience for their visitants and staffs, NSC begins shuttle coach service to and from NSC and Novena MRT station, at regular intervals of 20minutes from 0730 to 1730 every weekday. On top of new services introduced, NSC besides opened a new Eczema Clinic to offer thorough quality attention for patient s enduring from different signifiers of eczema as eczema or dermatitis is the most common tegument disease that NSC handles. An Acne Clinic was incorporated by NSC in 2009 to offer quality attention for moderate-to-severe acne vulgaris patients due to it being the 2nd top tegument disease NSC handles. New services such as VTRAC Excimer Lamp, Cutera XEO Laser, and Wireless @ NSC were introduced. The VTRAC Excimer Lamp is used for handling psoriasis and vitiligo patients, and it completes the current assortment of phototherapy devices in NSC. Cutera XEO Laser adds on to the optical masers in Mandalay Clinic and it treats different vascular conditions including leg venas. Establishing Wireless @ NSC allows visitants to surf the net when they are in NSC. Last, DSC came up with assignment booking system to get by with the increasing patient burden and to cut down waiting clip. 2.20 Medical Education and Trainings Not merely did NSC seek to supply quality services, it besides seek to advance dermatology in this part, and heighten their staffs ‘ competence and NSC ‘s prima border. In guaranting that NSC would go on to heighten quality attention to patients, some staffs had the opportunity to travel abroad well-known dermatological Centres for developing advancement under the support of NHG HMDP ( Health Manpower and Development Programme ) . Experiences and cognition were gained from this fond regard which allows betterment in staffs ‘ soft accomplishments. Besides sending staffs overseas, there will be few sing experts from abroad coming to NSC each twelvemonth to portion their expertness with NSC ‘s medical staffs through treatments and learning Sessionss. These Sessionss allow staffs to derive cognition and therefore, assistance in hiking quality patient attention and the taking border of NSC in dermatology. As an Institution of Dermatology, Singapore ( IODS ) , NSC had been actively forming educational programmes which are known as one of the taking programmes in this part in advancing promotion of dermatology. Since the constitution of NSC, it is responsible in supplying dermatological instruction for undergraduates of National University of Singapore and abroad undergraduates. An Advanced Specialist Training Programme was offered to convey out the following coevals of skin doctors, holding advisers oversing on registrars and registrars are involved in academic activities. Upon go throughing, registrars can go associate advisers. Besides, NSC organized learning programmes in dermatology to upgrade professional criterions with different clinical processs and disease direction. For those abroad skin doctors who hoped to better their accomplishments in certain subspecialties, they will go to specialised fond regards about these subspecialties. Another programme NSC had been actively formi ng is the Continual Medical Education which includes wireless negotiations, seminars and forums to maintain up the professional competence of physicians. Not merely did NSC form seminars for physicians, druggists, nurses, research lab technicians, it besides organized public instruction to let the populace to hold better apprehension of different tegument diseases and therapies through NSC web site, public forums and books. 2.30 Internal Environment of NSC 2.31 Strengths Bing the first health care establishment in Singapore to travel paperless with EMR system, it shows the success of NSC towards accomplishing excellence in services. This system benefits NSC by increasing patient safety, reduces jobs faced and better overall service degree. Over the old ages, NSC ne'er failed to implement new services and comfortss, and better bing 1s. By making so, it shows NSC ‘s attempts in continually supplying better and more comprehensive services to patients. Some services serve as an alternate method or improved version for handling certain tegument diseases which may be safer and better for patients while some services may be a method used for handling more than one type of tegument conditions which overall helps increase the opportunity of handling patients and heighten NSC ‘s quality services. Besides, some of the services NSC offers are non offered by other tegument clinics in Singapore. This ensures the success of NSC as it will pull patients with complex tegument conditions for better and broad scope of interventions. For comfortss, NSC did upgrading by adding audience suites to get by with increasing patient burden, and presenting new clinics like for case, Eczema clinic as eczema or dermatitis is the top tegu ment disease seen in NSC for the past few old ages so it shows the demand for NSC to supply thorough quality attention to those patients enduring from different signifiers of eczema. [ Figure 1: Dermatitis ranking the first tegument disease seen over the old ages ] In add-on, continually enahncing overall services to patients will assist increase satisfaction and recommendation degree of patients towards NSC. From Figure 2 and 3 below, it shows patient satisfaction degree is every bit high as 86 % and 90 % of patients would urge NSC to others. [ Figure 2: Overall patient satisfaction degree ( % ) in 2009 ] [ Figure 3: Overall patient recommendation degree ( % ) in 2009 ] With continous attempt to enahnce quality betterment, NSC was awarded with assorted accreditations in recent old ages. One of the accreditations is ISO 15189:2003 accreditation of research lab, recognized internationally, and it reflects NSC research lab competency and highest quality criterions in transporting out medical proving for all applied trials. Next is the full accreditation which reflects NSC committedness to transport out highest criterions for all research and to supply complete protections to research workers. Last, Joint Commission International accreditation in ambulatory attention was achieved by NSC, the first state in South East Asia to have such award. It proves NSC had met those criterions designed to better patient safety and clincial quality. As a healthcare establishment, it is really of import for NSC to engage medical staffs who are qualified, trained and run into the minimal instruction requriements for the occupation so as to present quality attention to patients. NSC ever sees the safety of patients as greatest importance. All new staffs will have on-the-job preparation and must run into the criterion occupation demands to be certified before NSC confirms engaging them. These guarantee merely extremely qualified, experient staffs are being hired to heighten patient safety, quality attention and NSC ‘s repute. NSC is really active in forming instruction and research events in dermatology and venerology. The puting up of IODS strengthen NSC ‘s instruction and research activities, and their instruction programme is identified as one of the taking dermatology preparation Centre. NSC has been running several programmes such as Undergraduates Medical Education, Advance Specialist Training Programme, Upgrading Professional Standards and Continual Medical Education which help to promote promotion of dermatology in this part. IODS AIDSs in accomplishing NSC ‘s mission to be national and regional instruction Centre, and besides in advancing research in Singapore. 2.32 Failings The outpatient Centre operates merely on weekdays and during office hours which may be inconvenient for some pupils and those working. Although NSC introduced Saturday private clinic, but some on the job patients may still confront long waiting period for assignment because Saturday clinical session operates merely one time every two months and many working people will be line uping to book assignment for this session. However, for case, other tegument clinics such as Raffles Skin Centre, provides clinical session every Saturday forenoon, and Changi General Hospital dermatology clinic provides every Wednesday and Friday eventide Sessionss. Besides, certain subspecialty clinics in NSC operate merely one time a hebdomad which may be deficient and may take to long waiting period for assignments. For case, both acne and eczema clinics operate one time a hebdomad but both acne and eczema ( or dermatitis ) are the top two most seen tegument diseases at NSC. These patients, normally with moderate-to-severe acne or eczema would desire to follow-up interventions every bit shortly as possible but non being able to make so. This will once more ensue in long waiting period for many patients and defeat will necessarily happen. [ Figure 4: Top two tegument diseases seen at NSC over the old ages ] A SMS service to inform patients about how many patients are line uping before them and the estimated waiting clip is non provided in NSC. This service for patients upon enrollment is to inform them about the figure of patients before them so as to let patients to cognize about how long they have to wait and they can go to to other affairs alternatively of sitting there waiting aimlessly. For case, another healthcare establishment provides such service which allow their patients to be informed. 2.40 External Environment of NSC 2.41 Opportunities In Singapore, the chief dermatology specializer Centre is NSC. Although there are other dermatology clinics or sections out at that place, but it is unjust to compare a Centre with a clinic or section straight. This is due to the fact that a Centre is a large establishment with board of managers, direction squad, squad of staffs and several sections while a clinic or section merely has a little squad of staffs. So with NSC being the chief Centre that manages all types of tegument conditions and holding good repute in Singapore, it allows NSC to stay competitory and successful. NSC had many on-going and new research undertakings each twelvemonth, and these undertakings were supported by external research support and holding industry-sponsored undertakings. To go on spread outing its research web, NSC had coactions with external local and/or international companies. With the support and coactions, NSC will be able to rise its research capablenesss. Every twelvemonth at that place will be a few medical staffs being sent to abroad well-known dermatological Centres for advanced preparation and besides few sing abroad experts coming to NSC to portion their expertness and experience with staffs. Through these, medical staffs will be better equipped with cognition, experience and hands-on work which will further increase NSC ‘s taking border in dermatology. Therefore, it allows NSC to heighten criterions of quality service and attention to their patients which contributes to high satisfaction and recommendation degrees shown in Figure 2 and 3. Besides, with increasing quality service and attention, it consequences in an increase of patient burden over the old ages. [ Figure 5: Increasing patient attending over the old ages ] 2.42 Menaces Epidemics such as H1N1 and MRSA had pose menace to NSC operations. During these epidemics, NSC had to put costs on systems to guarantee patients and staffs safety, and had to take steps to guarantee NSC is safe. NSC will confront low staffs available as staffs may fall sick and quarantine which affects NSC work flow. Other than staffs falling ill, NSC will besides confront decreased in patient burden as some patients were ill, do non desire to maintain stepping out of house, or think that health care installations are non safe which consequences in appointment cancellation. Another possible menace would be the high outlooks from public and patients. To get by with the imperfect and of all time altering populating environment, outlooks and demands towards health care will therefore increase. Servicess provided by NSC are rated by patients and there are a few patients who may be unsated and may non urge NSC to others as it is non easy to run into every person needs with raising outlooks such as some patients expect high criterion of medical service at a low cost. Besides, although NSC has established itself as the chief tegument Centre with good repute, the populace may non merely take to travel NSC as some may transport the mentality of other private tegument clinics would offer better client services or would hold more experient physicians than public clinics. Recommendations Though NSC has set up itself as the top tegument Centre in this part, it should continually better the services to keep its fight. For the past few old ages, attempts of NSC seeking to cut down waiting clip for audience was observed but another job NSC patients faced was the long waiting period for assignment. I recommend that NSC increase the frequence of Saturday forenoon clinic and introduce weekdays flushing clinics. Besides, figure of operating yearss for those subspecialty clinics that are specialized in the top few tegument diseases should increase. Following, I would urge NSC to implement SMS services to their patients upon enrollment to inform them about the figure of patients before them and/or SMS services to inform those patients who are interested to be informed when their audience bend nears. This will heighten NSC service provided and maintain NSC remain competitory. Since services were rated by patients, a manner to cut down unsated patients is to invariably take the enterprise to roll up feedbacks from patients alternatively of patients lending voluntarily. By making so, I think NSC will be able to obtain more feedbacks and work on betterment if capable. NSC can besides seek to increase public consciousness of its betterments and freshly implemented services each twelvemonth, particularly those services that NSC is the first to offer in Singapore. This will let more people to be cognizant of NSC services, betterments, and cognize more about NSC. Decision In decision, NSC has established itself as the top chief tegument Centre in this part. With no similar tegument Centre in Singapore, it makes NSC the chief dermatological Centre and together with good repute among Singaporeans, it allows them to stay successful throughout the old ages. Despite being the taking tegument Centre, NSC still continues to work towards its end to accomplish excellence in all services by implementing and upgrading services and comfortss to supply quality service to their patients, and on the other manus, to keep its fight. Furthermore, NSC besides seeks to supply better quality attention to their patients by holding their staffs to better their soft accomplishments and cognition, and by affecting in advancing dermatology and conducting researches. Therefore, attempts of NSC working towards their end and success were seen. To stay successful and competitory, NSC can take advantage of their strengths and chances, and seek ways to better on their failings and support their menaces. I believe NSC will go on endeavoring to maintain itself successful, and maintain as the taking and top tegument Centre in this part in old ages to come.