Methodologies of christian social ethics

A particular group of pack for centuries together pr doices certain normals which atomic number 18 approved by the group decree or community for generations Is c wholeed tradition. Character Our behavior, conduct or repeated practice of habits became a character. harmonise to medical go to bedledge it is easy to Stealing. Repeated habits give way to character. Even our character or habits form our personality.Society which we came from plays a lead federal agency in forming character and our culture plays a role in formation of our character. 4. 06. 12 Morals The articulate goods come from the Latin account book moss which int residue way of invigoration or habits. Ethos means customs or character. In modern tender beingsity the word incorrupt and morals have been used interchangeable. both(prenominal) the price con nones those duties and responsibilities which persons have with reference to just and wrong conduct or ultimate purpose of life. morals talk or so what is right and wrong, then duties and responsibilities, and then the commandment.The second point is ultimate purpose of life. religion is the description of benignant behavior. Tradition in ally the word moral was used in descriptive sense. In todays globe the word moral is used by restrictive sense. As an adjective To describe behaviors of persons or people comm all regarded as right, honorable or appropriate. As a noun To refer to the norms or principles practiced by a particular group of people regarding right or wrong conduct. In order to revive sound moral Judgment, we need to have both main things 1 Vigorous pursuit of relevant information, (Work hard to get information) 2.More complete data to illuminate the nature of the problem morality Ethics is a Praxis oriented or reflective reflection on morality in order to charge sound moral Judgment. Morals is a descriptive or to describe mankind behavior or conduct. While morals reflect on morality, morality descri bes the behavior of a person. 19. 6. 12 Mackenzie (1860 1935) A nineteenth century philosopher defines morality as a vignette of what is right or good in human conduct or the science of the casing involvement in human life Staunch Sinai guesss Ethics is a normative science which is system of rulesatic knowledge T is a science in so far as it depends upon the observation, classification and explanation off human conduct with reference to an ideal. It is an ideal consist of view set by what is right or wrong. Conclusion Ethics evaluates he unpaid action and habitual actions of persons and considers their rightness and wrongness. Ethics is a systematic study of human conduct, individual as well as cooperate. It is pushed with de enclosureining what conduct is right or wrong, good or bad, designation and non-flitting. christian Ethics Ethics plus Bible is known as deliverymanian moral philosophy.Sources of Christian ethics are 1) Bible and 2) cultural norms and traditions . Some scholars say that we stool learn from different religions alike. Bible The study of ethics based on bible is known as Christian ethics. Ethics is a decisive reflection on morality basing on the word of god. To understand oral Judgment prototypic artificial lake available for Christians is bible. Other sources for dong Christina ethics is Bible normative. Cultural Norms Traditional moral principles say that we can learn from other traditions or other cultural norms. Our experience is also a source of Christian ethics.If Bible is non in that respect, in that respect is no Christian ethics. Definitions on Christian Ethics Signal capital of Minnesota harmonize to Signal capital of Minnesota Christian ethics is a critical reflection on human conduct or the issue and the problem that we face in our society basing on exposition minute analysis of Christian ethics is based on a) data and b) teaching of he bible Adams fit to Adams reflection on human conduct ? .. Aim to ach ieve clarity and consistency with respect to the bottom and goal, the motives and the norms, the means and consequences of right action conceived as the response to and the working of the grace of the matinee idol. 20. 06. 2012 Hunter P mammary The living reality of God as understood by dint of Christ and Judo- Christian tradition is the classifiable comp atomic number 53nt in serious reflection on human moral conduct. James M. Gustafson defines Christian ethics as ethic must be Christian and is Christian in a world(a)ly relevant sense because it is in Christ that al things are created and he is the Lord of all things. This definition just nowifies the first one. Ethic must be Christian because the community is called to absolute obedience to Jesus Christ as Lord.Conclusion Christian ethics is a listing kind of discipline and it is also different from other battlegrounds of studies. Also Christian ethics suspensor to study the social sciences. Christian means the help of other social sciences we are to see the copulation of Christian ethics with other social sciences. psychological science helps us in order to understand human behavior. accessible analysis is sociology which is more critical and racial. companionable analysis helps to understand the origin and development in society. Sociology ordain help us to understand scriptural history and structure of the society.Sociology and history of Christianity provide help us to understand issues, development context of O T and N T and changes in numerous Christian traditions. Theology helps us to see and canvass Church. History of Christianity helps theology. It becomes abnormal for us to look back our church tradition, when it comes to serious conflict. Study of theology helps to know how theology was originating and developing. It helps us to listen to our issues. Biblical Studies The Most grievous help we get in terms of Christianity is from biblical studies. We deal with origin, purpose, o ccasion, date and development in biblical studies.Most importantly we do interpretation I. E. Hermeneutics. In short hermeneutic means interpreting origin and development of text. The theological background from where we came is matter slice interpreting Bible. We believe Holy Spirit is one person who interprets Bible to us. Holy Spirit intelligible to us in different ways where we may have topography experience. Most times our theology will affect our Biblical Hermeneutics. 21 . 06. 12 Conclusion To conclude the purpose of Christian ethics it is not that we discover perfect solution. Christian ethic has to do with Christian morality and values.Christian Ethics teach us approximately singular traffichip between God and Man 22. 06. 12 MODES OF ETHICAL DISCOURSE A. Deontological Ethics, The word demonology derives from the Hellenic word Eden means necessary or imperative. It is also known as traditional ethics or classical ethics. Deontological Ethics is imperative absolute and obligatory, independent of their ends and consequences. Most of the deontological will say that some of our actions are consequences or results. When important is given to means it does not bother about ends. If Bible says do not steal we should not.Many deontological will say that this ethics concentrate on means not consequences. Different types of Deontological Ethics. 1. Rights match to Robin Gill rights is a more recent example of deontological ethics. He gives the example of right to live, right of the women to choose. The best known contemporary defender of deontological barbel to rights is by Ronald Deerskin. He argues that rights should not be over ridden by consideration of social well-being. 2. Legalism or Absolutism Legalism is a law. This is one of the intimately widespread models of deontological ethics.Deontological attempts to state what kinds of acts are either require or command. They claim that by the real nature of things certain kinds of acts are always obl igatory. It requires a person to apply a rule or code which has already been hypothesize. 3. Rule Ethics Rule Ethics points to an already existing authority honor Reentered-. Deontological ethics are also pitched as rule ethics which is considered as the answer of tradition. The answer of the honourable tradition or of rule ethics points the questionnaire to an orderly existing authority.Though Reentered dialog about the rule ethics, his concern is more of an respectable tradition which implies a separate speculative world or incident ethics. 4. The portend Command Theory The divine command theory is also known as theological voluntarism which holds that the exemplar of right and wrong is the will or manage of God. Proponents of this view believe that right and wrong is that commanded and forbidden by God. 5. Obedient Love. This is one of the most important types in Deontological Ethics propounded by capital of Minnesota Ramsey. According to Paul Ramsey the central ethi cal notion on category in Christian ethics is manageable manage.This is the sword of respect the gospel describes as delight in fulfilling the law and Paul designates as faith that work through love. Ramsey defines it as faith that works though love. 6. mat Imperative. Emmanuel Kant (1724-1804) stressed on Categorical imperative. The most important theory of Deontological ethics is Categorical imperative of Emmanuel Kant. His book is Critic of Practical reason. In Kantian theological theory, an action is Justified by wake what it is right not by showing that the consequences of acts are good.According to Emmanuel Kant each individual is rational and is able to reason and arrived at the right concludinge regarding his or her own actions. Reasons according to Emmanuel Kant transcend all groups, cultures, societies and dialects and a set of rational principles which are to be obeyed by all. Emmanuel Kant tries to establish the ultimate basis for the validity of moral rules is pure reason, not in intuition or conscience. In his view a moral principle gains world(a) applicability when that principle cannot be rationally rejected.So the ultimate basis of morality rests on principle of reason which all rational creatures possess. 25. 6. 12 The critique of Pure reason of Emmanuel Kant (1781) He dialogue about reason. Religion could be established on the basis of practical reason. About obligation. Deontological are not concerned with end results. Traditional Christians go afters deontological ethics. They take moral principles without seeing consequences. They Just said dont do or do with absolute attitudes. Emmanuel Kant says do your duty though the welkin may fall.The deontological are of the view that the end does not always exempt the means Cants Theory on Categorical imperatives or Three important Principles of Kant Cants theory on Categorical imperatives includes 1 . Autonomy (self-governs) here we have freedom to choose. It talks about autono mous will of a person. Emmanuel Kant bases his entire moral system on the affirmation that every rational being exist as an end in himself not merely as a means, according to binding moral rules valid for everyone for arbitrary use by these or that will happen when a person behaves according to binding moral rules valid for everyone.He considers that a person has an autonomous will. Hence the principle autonomy is never choosing except in much(prenominal) a way that in the alike volition the maxims of your choice are also present as universal laws. This means that it should be within the principles of universal laws) consequently a persons autonomy consists in his ability to calculate himself/ herself according to these moral maxims. 2. The Goodwill What make an action right or wrong are not the consequences of the act, but quite a the principle guiding the act.He spoke of the will as something that is within our conscious restrict as opposed to a wish that is not within our conscious control. In other haggling he states that the good will is not because it achieves good results. Even if it were unable to obtain the ends it would still be good in itself and have a higher worth than the superficial things gained by immoral actions. 6. 6. 12 3. Duty and Moral righteousnesss Emmanuel Kant explains the relationship between goodwill and duty. A good will is one which acts for the interest of duty. Human actions have moral worth only if they are performed from duty.Actions that result from inclinations or self-interest by chance praise worthy if they happened, for some(prenominal) reason to accord with duty, but they are not moral. According to Kant the duteous person takes the maxim of helping others to express or embody a requirement, Just as Law does. What we understand from Cants categorical imperative is that the categorical imperatives should tell us that our axiom themselves must be laws which is universal being the characteristics of laws. It tel ls us to act on those principles which are laws. Therefore, Kant argues for the importance of action from duty.The only thing good without qualification is goodwill and a person acquires both good will and moral worth by acting from duty. Therefore ones duty is to act in accordance with objective moral values and laws and such laws are categorical. The teaching of deontological ethics is if some moral principles are laid down we are to follow it. It is the teaching of deontological ethics. all told the laws amended in the Bible are to be followed by the Christina s whether we like it or not. Summary CNN You need to critique deontological ethic. Can we apply deontological ethics of the bible all the times?Is all the Bible commandments are applicable for all in relation to Indian context? 28-6-12 teleological ethics comes into being because some piece deontological ethics not gives any freedom. Ideologists say that in all aspects teleological ethics involved. It comes into been on process to an end or goal. We do right today in order to achieve a high good in the future. An action should not be make for the sake of Jesus only. Ideologists say all circumstances will not work. It focusinges on ends and goals. There is no choice but absolute obligation. We cannot live in the world of dos and dont. We should live on aspirations for the future.The right action which we do today will lead us to future. Our action should have goal purpose. Teleology comes from Greek word tells means end purpose or goal. Teleology ethics is for ends and goals so that moral decision devising are to be Judged in the light of an end or goal. The ideologists look at the consequences of actions rather than to any intrinsic goodness or badness n action. In other rowing it is ethics of aspirations good or ends also referred to as consequential ethics. This set about is concerned with questions regarding the highest good or final goals of life toward which persons should aspire.Most pro minent deontological are Jeremy beneath, lavatory Stuart Mill and Judger N Molten and Earaches Bausch. Different approach or Theories on Teleological Ethics 1. Quantitative utilitarianism It simply means greater happiness or number. All the philosophers who talk about quantitative utilitarianism are indebted to Jeremy Beneath (1784 1818). An action s right when there is absence of pain. If we talk about happiness it has to be with greatest number. The idea of the greater happiness of human kind as the end of morality was placed in a secular framework by Jeremy Beneath.Jeremy Beneath believes that man always sticks to his own pleasure. He agreed with Epicures that the ethical or the right is that which produces the most pleasure. Though there are similarities, Beneath however developed his theory farther than Epicures. Epicures mainly talks about ones own pleasure but Beneath along with pleasure on individual talks about the pleasure of the community. In other word, Beneath states that right action is always the promotion not simply of ones own pleasure but of the community of all persons. 2. Scatological Ethics It is either of the end or the ethics of the future.Scatological ethics means ethics of good at end. Within Christian tradition certain ideas about the ultimate good or the final end of history and how one is to occupy to this end has been a dominant motive in several strands/ types of ethical aspects. Models built on this home emphasize the sovereignty of God and the expected establishment of Gods righteousness in all hinges, but depart regarding whether the sovereignty of God is future or present, individual or societal a future hold for which one must wait for a condition of righteousness within history for which one must labor. L.Other worldly model It talks about future happiness in heaven even thought if we suffer at the present world. In other words it is the behavior that the ultimate purpose of our life is in the heavenly kingdom, not i n the world. Its main concern is future world of happiness. Followers of this approach believe that true life exist only in heaven, a world beyond this present life. Consequently, for them life in this world is viewed as a testing ground. It emphasis the finish of certain qualities of the character which they believe the conservative believes in this understanding of true life that will come beyond death.It explains the cultivation of certain spiritual qualities in anticipation of life beyond death. 3. 7. 12 ii res publica of God This model gained prominence during the early part of the nineteenth century and it is associated with the social gospel movement by author Walter Reaches Bausch. The pursuit of this theory believe in the proper norms and principles for how to live in the society. This model talks about the present world. It is actually talking about Christianization of social order. This model is rooted in the whimsy that the proper norm regarding how society should b e organized and arranged by the kingdom of God concept.The followers of this model claim that an understanding of Kingdom of God provides both a version of good society and authority which enables the followers to work for grater approximation of kingdom within history. They understand that the Kingdom of God is secret code less than humanity organized accord not the will of the God. Therefore a according to the Kingdom of God model the hive task of Christians and churches is to labor for the Christianization of the social order. It regards individualistic salvation as summation inadequate for dealing with the problem of evil, which has become institutionalized in the structure of the society.Sin is seen not merely as the corruption of the individual will but of the institution. Iii) Liberation Model Liberation model which has come to universe of discourse in recent years, in particular in third world has its root historicly in the engagement of oppressed people to be freed fro m dependence and exploitation. It has the scatological hope for freedom and liberation. It takes the biblical image of the Christ as the liberator and conceives liberation as both spiritual in terms of after life and takes the historical and the temporal as the arena where Christians must struggle for liberation.It is for a radical break within raw social order and realizations of salvation as qualitative and not merely a quantitative prop of life. This model provides a strong motive and power to the struggle of the oppressed. 3. Qualitative Utilitarianism Though Beneath formulated the universalistic pleasure theory, later universalistic and utilitarianism found this theory failing to meet certain difficulties. wizard of the foremost proponents of the qualitative latter utilitarianism was John Stuart Mill (1806 1873), whose father was a friend and follower of J Beneath.John Stuart Mill almost agreed with Beneath concerning the central formula of Utilitarianism. But the major dif ference is that Beneath took quantitative approach to happiness whereas Mill argues that the quality of the happiness should be our primary concern. According to John S Mill the quality of happiness should be the major concern in our ethics of discourses. Social points how John S Mill explains his theory 04. 07. 12 I) Empiricism It talks about experience from field research. Mill is from classical theory. He talks about experience as source of all ideas. When he talks about empiricism, he talks about inductive approach.Inductive means particular to general and deductive is general to particular. A study begins with particular to general. It needs a field study. He says experience should lead to general uniformity about the right action. I) On Mill would talk about the freedom of an individual. tell apart liberty should be given to individual provided that their action should not cause any harm to anyone. He also tastes that there is a relationship between ethics, individual freedom and democracy. In other words Mill says that we are cultural moral beings only when we act for the benefit of the whole humanity.For that kind of act compulsion should not be there and should be out from free will. C. contextual Ethics l. Contextual ethics of Paul Lehman Contextual ethicists say that they are not comfortable with the approach of deontological and teleological approach. They say we need to look at the circumstances of moral action. Contextual ethicists say that deontological ethics will not be appropriate in different contexts. Contextual ethics talks about moral psyche of an action should be fitting to the context. The place of context or circumstances of moral action is important in relation to moral Principles and rules.Roman Catholics use the word moral theology whereas contextual theology is applicable and popular among Protestants. Contextual ethicists emphasize the moral context as most critical element in the determination. In other words it stresses the im portance of concrete setting of human behavior. There are many contextual ethics from western context and Indian context. Contextual ethicists look at the circumstances of the moral action. For e. G. , observing Sabbath strictly. Contextual ethics is very popular among the Christian tradition. Article contextual ethics found in the Dictionary of the Christian ethics performances.Manchuria. Among contextual ethics Paul Lehman is one of the contemporary theologizer and philosopher. He is one of the most important proponents of contextual ethics. In Paul Linemans contextual ethics the focus is shifted from larger goals to actual context. When we look at Paul Linemans ethics in Christian context, he provides an critical point of his change in focus and actually applying the contemporary context. He is actually dissertation the anthropometry focus where all norms are challenged. Traditions are losing its ground in the midst of that we see the emergence of different possibilities for human life. 9. 07. 12 Kayoing Ethics At this point he talks about contextual ethics which is known as kayoing ethics and also known as community ethics. In the kayoing ethics, he insists upon the importance of context in which Ethical insights and practices are nourished or how moral developments take place. Secondly, Canonic ethics is concerned with relations and functions in the society and Thirdly for Lehman, Okinawa ethics is oaken as a starting point for ethical reflection. In other words contextual critique is contextual ethics of absolution.An action should be speaking to the context According to the Paul Lehman kayoing ethics is introduced by Jesus Christ himself. In the Okinawa ethics, Christian ethics is starting point of all ethics. Contextual ethics is critique of all ethics. Kayoing ethics is concerned with relation and functions in community not only on Christian principles. The ethical question in the kayoing ethics is not what ought I do but what am I to do? Ought to factor to cannot be ethical realty. The primarily ethical realty is the human factor, the human indicative in every situation involving the interrelatedness and the decisions of man.The humans are the indicators of what is happening. In the kayoing ethics Paul Lehman clearly sees Gods activity in the world and he says that God is acting in the world to keep human life and that through the participation in the kayoing. Human life can be called human when they participate in the community. Community with only human life can be called humbugging. His kayoing ethics is a humbugging ethics which enables people to grow in the Christian maturity and be agents of the immunization in the world. Therefore its aim is consistency between these factors within particular(prenominal) context rather than uniformity of acts in all contexts.In summary it is sensitivity to human ethics. Summary So far we have seen three model of ethics Deontological ethics, Teleological ethics, Contextual ethics. Co ntextual ethics is dual-lane into three Contextual Situation Responsibility- Relationally Ethics Paul Lehman Joseph Fletcher Richard Nibbler II. Situation ethics It became popular in 1960 through the effort of Joseph Fletcher. Through his book situation ethics, he developed this approach at the background of Paul Linemans antenatal ethics with some dissatisfaction. He says Lehman looks at contextual ethics in liberal term and looks at particular situation not general context.According to Joseph Fletcher an action should be fitting to the situation or circumstances. The situations rejects the idea that there are timeless rules which are never to be violated and the idea that there is a group which is objectively given in the nature of things. In other words the situations takes gravely the concrete character of moral life and holds that human conduct is to be evaluated in relation to particular(prenominal) situation rather than universally binding laws. The situations recognizes th e love commandment as the only absolute moral principle and examines each situation carefully to determine what love requires then and there. 0. 7. 12 Situation etches of Joseph Fletcher In this approach he is not doing with all the demonology ethics. The principle, Joseph Fletcher talks about is Love, the obedient love. He says that there is only one universal principle that is love which enables us to take right decisions. He says that agape love is the summary commandment, to love God and the neighbor. To him situation ethics is not a system or a program of living according to principle, but it is n effort to relate love to a world of relativities through obedient love. According to him the only one law or principle that is binding is Love.The principle which is always good and right is Love. He says situation ethics is not a system or a program of living according to principle. His effort was to relate love to a world of relativities through obedient love. Ethics of obedience of commandment is love. His six propositions of theory of situation ethics agape love or obedient love 1. Love one thing only is always good The first preposition only one thing is principally good, namely love zip fastener else at all. By this statement he means that Love is a principle a formal principle expressing what type of real actions.Christians alone is always good and right in every situation. It is the only universal principle, because whatever is loves in any particular situation is good. Joseph Fletcher quotes Richard Nibbler God nowhere commands love for its own sake because love is for the sake of people and it is not good in itself. 2. Love is the only norm or love is the only principle The ruling norm of Christian decisions is love nothing else. He explains that situation ethics reduces the law from a legal system of rules to the love anon alone. He gives the example of Jesus and Paul replaces the principle of Torah with the living principle of agape 3.Love and just ness are the same for Justice. For justice Love is distributed nothing else. In other words Fletcher says that Love does not only care but is careful. He also says that it is diligent in serving the neighbor. He also says that prudence and love are not Just partners but they are one and same. Love is to seek neighbors welfare and Justice is being fair as between neighbors. From here we understand that Justice is Christian love using reasons by calculating TTS duties, obligations, opportunities, resources and Justice is also love coping with situations. 4.Love is not liking. Love wills the neighbors good whether we like him or not. According to Fletcher Love is discerning and critical but not sentimental. In other words in the situation ethics the neighbor is anybody. It is an ethics in which justice is impartial an inclusive. Justice and love is one and the same thing. Justice is as personal as love and love is as social as Justice. Therefore agape seeks the good of anybody and ever ybody because it seeks the will of neighbors good whether we like IM or not. 5 Love Justifies means nevertheless the end Justifies the means nothing else.According to Joseph Fletcher unless some purpose or end in view to Justify any action, we take it is literally meaningless. Every action without exception is haphazard (Incomplete), if it is without an end to serve and ends in turn needs means. 11. 7. 12 6 Love decides then and there This proposition, love decisions are do situational not prescriptively. According to Fletcher for real decision making freedom is required which is an open ended approach to situation. Close ended approach did not have NY option. Therefore situation ethicists always suspect prescriptive laws.They say that according to the love, decisions are made situational not prescriptively. In other words the decision making is always depends on the case is question. Situation ethics are critical about principles of deontological ethics especially about their law s. Ill. Relationally Responsibility Ethics 13. 07. 12 Responsibility means what we ought to do. When given a responsibility we are accountable. How responsibility relationally model of ethics came in to being or how it came as a median? It involves two notions. They are 1 .Accountability, Obligation and 2. How we are accountable to God. Hunter P Mamba coined it what Richard Nibbler have already said. According to Mamba, here comes a median that will bridge two extremes. One extreme talk about duties that talk about deontological model of ethics and other extreme is the end. Accountability looks back to some deed done and obligation looks forward to moral demands that need to be met in relationships. Responsibility therefore has to do with relationships, deeds and accountability is being answerable for ones action or